CHAPTER 1: Cognitive Psychology

Question 1

What is cognitive psychology?

Answer 1

The attempt to answer how do we think and how we study it.
- What, why, and how we think. What influences thought- memory, perceptions, emotions, and so on.
HOW WE ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE

Question 2

Memory

Answer 2

Recalling information from the past
Process of storing information or recovering it
Place where knowledge is stored

Question 3

Cognition

Answer 3

The collection of mental processes and activities used in perceiving, remembering, thinking, and understanding

Question 4

Acquisition

Answer 4

Process of memory
acquiring

Question 5

Retention

Answer 5

Process of memory
keeping

Question 6

Retrieval

Answer 6

Process of memory
coming back or obtaining

Question 7

Ecological Validity

Answer 7

Research must resemble the situations and task demands that are characteristics of the real world rather than rely on artificial laboratory settings and tasks so that results will generalize to the real world.

Question 8

Reductionism

Answer 8

The scientific approach in which a complex event or behavior is broken down into it’s constituents, the individual constituents are then studied individually.

Question 9

Aristotle

Answer 9

First historical figure to advocate empirically based, natural science approach.
TABULA RASE = THE MIND IS A BLANK SLATE

Question 10

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 10

Believed that the study of psychology was of “unconscious processes and immediate experience”
INTROSPECTION

Question 11

Introspection

Answer 11

a method in which one looks carefully inward, reporting on inner sensations and experiences.

Question 12

Edward Titchener

Answer 12

insisted on rigorous training for his introspectors who had to avoid the “stimulus error” of describing the physical stimulus rather than the mental experience of it

Question 13

Hermann Von Ebbinghaus

Answer 13

aim was to study memory in a “pure” form
- constructed a list of nonsense syllables.

Question 14

William James

Answer 14

believed in functionalism over structuralism
HOW DOES THE MIND WORK?
HOW DOES IT ADAPT TO NEW CIRCUMSTANCES?

Question 15

Functionalism

Answer 15

which the functions of consciousness, rather than it’s structure were of interest.

Question 16

Noam Chomsky

Answer 16

the conditioning of new behavior by means of reinforcement, provided a useful and scientific account of human language
VERBAL LEARNING
HELPED REJECT BEHAVIORISM

Question 17

When did cognitive psychology begin?

Answer 17

1960
MIT Conference
Gardner

Question 18

Channel capacity

Answer 18

Any physical device that transmits messages or information has a limited capacity
AKA BANDWIDTH

Question 19

Spoon Theory

Answer 19

When the spoons were gone, it meant there was barely energy to do anything else. This idea of quantifying energy as spoons,

Question 20

Computer Analogy

Answer 20

Flow of information

Question 21

Sensory and Perceptual

Answer 21

Part of the Intuitive Cognitive Analyses
- focus eyes on print (visual perception, sensory memory)
- Encode and recognize printed material (pattern recognition, reading)

Question 22

Memory and Retrieval

Answer 22

Part of the Intuitive Cognitive Analyses
- look up and identify words (Memory retrieval)
- Retrieve word meanings (semantic retrieval)

Question 23

Comprehension

Answer 23

Part of the Intuitive Cognitive Analyses
- combine word meaning to yield sentence meaning (semantic retrieval, comprehension)
- evaluate sentence meaning, consider alternative meanings (comprehension)

Question 24

judgement and decision

Answer 24

Part of the Intuitive Cognitive Analyses
- retrieve answer to question (semantic retrieval)
- determine reasonableness of question ( comprehension, conversation)

Question 25

Modal model of memory

Answer 25

Describes information flow through memory
ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW - SENSORY REGISTERS - SHORT TERM - LONG TERM

Question 26

Standard Theory

Answer 26

three components are sensory, short term and long term memory.

Question 27

Word frequency effect

Answer 27

words we hear the most are more easier to recall

Question 28

Implicit memory

Answer 28

Theme of Cognition
does not require the conscious or explicit recollection of past events or information, and the individual is unaware that remembering has occurred.

Question 29

Explicit memory

Answer 29

Theme of Cognition
type of long-term memory that’s concerned with recollection of facts and events. requires you to consciously recall information.

Question 30

Metacognition

Answer 30

Theme of Cognition
Awareness of own thoughts

Question 31

Embodiment

Answer 31

Theme of Cognition
that we use our own bodily experience and processes to understand our own emotional experience, and the experiences of others

Question 32

Future Orientation

Answer 32

Theme of Cognition
we are always thinking; using past to make future decisions