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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive! > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive! Flashcards

1
Q

What consists of matter?

A

All living things and non living things

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2
Q

What are the states of matter?

A

Solids, liquids, and gas

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3
Q

Does mass change or does weight change?

A

Mass is the same no matter where you are but weight changes. (Depends on gravity)

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4
Q

What is mass?

A

The amount of space you take up.

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5
Q

Elements are made up of ______?

A

Atoms

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6
Q

Elements cannot be split into what?

A

Simpler substance by ordinary chemical reactions

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7
Q

What are atoms made of?

A

Protons, neutrons, & electrons

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8
Q

What two things are found in the nucleus?

A

Protons and neutrons

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9
Q

Where are electrons found?

A

In the orbitals of the atom

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10
Q

Protons are ______ charged.

A

Positively

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11
Q

Neutrons are _______ charged.

A

Neutral

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12
Q

Electrons are_______ charged.

A

Negatively

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13
Q

What is the strongest chemical bond? And when does it occur?

A

Covalent - occurs when atoms share electrons

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14
Q

What is the second strongest chemical bond? And when does it occur?

A

Ionic bond- formed between ions (which are a charged element)

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15
Q

What is the second to weakest chemical bond?

A

Hydrogen bond - forms a strong bond when a whole bunch of them get together

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16
Q

What is the weakest chemical bond?

A

Van Der Waals

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17
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

Electrons are shared

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18
Q

Sharing one set of electrons is called?

A

Single bond

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19
Q

Sharing two sets of electrons is called?

A

Double bond

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20
Q

How many electrons is the 1 at she’ll of an atom able to hold?

A

2

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21
Q

How many electrons are the second and third she’ll of an atom able to hold?

A

Both are able to hold 8 (16 total)

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22
Q

Nonpolar =

A

Equal sharing

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23
Q

Polar =

A

Unequal sharing

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24
Q

What is hydrogen bonding?

A

Weak bond, surface tension bonding between negative end and positive end of water molecule.

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25
What is an ionic bond?
Chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one stone to the other.
26
How are ions formed?
When electrons are transferred from one atom to another the balance of positive and negative charges are lost, so ions are formed
27
Ions put together through ionic bonds are called?
Salts
28
What is salt?
Ionic compound containing cations
29
Ions are not _______ or _______.
Hydrogen (H+) or Hydroxyl (OH-)
30
What do salts do when dissolved in water?
Dissociate (ionize)
31
What are electrolytes?
Ions making up salt ( all ions are electrolytes)
32
What is a molecule considered if it contains hydrogen?
Acid
33
Acids dissolve in water to release ______.
Hydrogen
34
The more hydrogen the more _____.
Acidic
35
The less hydrogen the less ______.
Acidic
36
What is HCL?
Hydrochloric Acid (an acid produced by stomach cells)
37
Bases dissociate in water to release _____.
Hydroxyl ions (OH-)
38
What do NaOH and NH OH have in common? | 3
They are ammonia (most common in human body)
39
What does the pH scale range from?
0-14
40
What is the neutral number on the pH scale?
7
41
Numbers greater than 7 on the pH scale are more _____.
Basic
42
Numbers less than 7 on the pH scale are more ______.
Acidic
43
The more _______ ______ in a solution the more acidic the solution is.
Hydrogen ions
44
Acid/base balance is important why?
Important for internal homeostasis, different regions depend on different pH levels to maintain homeostasis (balance).
45
Enzymes depend on certain ____ levels to function.
pH
46
_________ reactions are very sensitive to pH.
Biochemical
47
Many mechanisms regulate acid/base balance. ______ and _____ buffer one another.
Hydrogen ions and hydroxyl
48
Chemical reaction occurs when....
Chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken. | Legos)
49
What is kinetic energy?
Motion
50
What are anabolic reactions (synthesis)?
When atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule.
51
What is this an example of? Amino acids are joined to form a protein molecule
Synthesis reaction (anabolism)
52
What is a Catabolic Reaction (decomposition)?
Larger molecule broken down into smaller molecules or constituent atoms
53
What is this an example of? Breakdown of glycogen to release glucose units
Catabolic reaction (metabolism)
54
During a chemical exchange reaction what two things occur?
Synthesis and decomposition
55
ATP =
ENERGY
56
What is solution?
Solute particles are very tiny, do not settle out of scatter light. (The same throughout)
57
What is colloid?
Solute particles are larger than in a solution and scatter light, do not settle out. (Particles don't dissolve into solvent)
58
What is suspension?
Solute particles are very large, settle out, and may scatter light.
59
What is an organic compound?
A carbon containing compound
60
Organic compounds always contain
Carbon, hydrogen, and generally oxygen
61
What are the 4 classes of biologically important polymers?
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
62
What are polymers?
Chain like molecules made of many similar or repeating units (monomers).
63
What do carbohydrates contain?
Sugar
64
What is the most abundant substance on earth?
Cellulose
65
Cellulose is purely _____.
Structural
66
What can humans not digest but some animals can?
Cellulose
67
Mono =
1
68
Di =
2
69
Poly =
Many
70
What is sugar in plant based form?
Starch
71
Glycogen is found in?
Humans
72
What's are shells made up of in selfish?
Chitin
73
Carbohydrates are classified by
Size
74
Fiber in our diet helps to....
Create bulk = bowel movement
75
Monosaccharides (monomers) are?
Simple sugars
76
What are some examples of monosaccharides?
``` Glucose Fructose Galactose Deoxyribose Ribose ```
77
What is a disaccharide?
Double sugar
78
What are polysaccharides?
Many sugars
79
What are some examples of polysaccharides?
Glycogen Starch Cellulose Chitin
80
Lipids and fats don't mix with?
Water
81
What does hydrophobic mean?
Insoluble in water | Water fearing
82
What are 4 different types of lipids?
Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Eicosanoids
83
Lipids major energy storage compound makes up _____ ______.
Cell membrane
84
Lipids are the _____ ______ of the cell membrane.
Structural components
85
Some lipids serve as what?
Molecular signal compounds
86
Triglycerides storage form of fats for ____.
Energy
87
Triglycerides refers to ___ hydroglyceride chains.
3
88
Hare triglycerides polar or non-polar?
Non polar
89
There are double bonds in _______ fatty acids.
Unsaturated
90
The more unsaturated bonds, the more ____ at room temperature.
Fluid
91
Phospholipids are modified?
Triglyceride
92
Is a phosphate group a polar or non-polar group
Polar
93
Phospholipids are found in ____ _____.
Cell membranes
94
Phospholipids have hydrophilic head, which means?
The can interact with water because they are charged and have a "water loving" head
95
Amino acids are called?
Peptide
96
2 amino acids =
Dipeptide
97
Many amino acids =
Polypeptide
98
Proteins have many different?
Structural and functional Roles
99
Amino acids are the building blocks of?
Protein
100
What does dehydration synthesis mean?
Water leaving
101
What is the opposite of dehydration?
Hydrolysis
102
Enzymes are ______ proteins.
functional
103
Enzymes helps to speed up?
Chemical reactions
104
Enzymes decrease
Activation energy
105
What are the 3 types of Nucleic acids?
DNA - deoxyribose sugar RNA - ribose sugar ATP - ribose sugar
106
DNA has ___ nucleotide monomers.
4
107
DNA is the...
Genetic material
108
________ bases connect the 2 strands of DNA.
Complimentary
109
Thymine always pairs with?
Adeline
110
Cytosine always pairs with?
Guanine
111
RNA carries hereditary information from nuclear DNA to the _____. (Inside cells)
Cytoplasm
112
ATP = high energy molecule = high energy ____
Bonds
113
What is matter?
Anything that occupies space and has mass

Anatomy & Physiology (3 decks)

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