Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

Question 1

What are the subdivisions of microscopic anatomy?

Answer 1

Cytology- considers the cells of the body

Histology- the study of tissue

Question 2

What is Systemic anatomy?

Answer 2

Body structure is studied system by system. Blood vessels in heart.

Question 3

What are 3 main subdivisions of Physiology?

Answer 3

1. Renal Physiology
2. Neurophysiology
3. Cardiovascular Physiology

Question 4

What is Renal Physiology?

Answer 4

Concerns kidney function and urine production.

Question 5

What is neurophysiology?

Answer 5

Explains the working of the nervous system.

Question 6

What is cardiovascular Physiology?

Answer 6

Examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels.

Question 7

Why are anatomy and physiology inseparable?

Answer 7

Because function always reflects structure.

Question 8

What is the Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function?

Answer 8

Something is made a certain way to do its function.

Ex: functionally blood can only flow in one direction through the heart

Question 9

What are the 6 levels of Hierarchy Structural Organization from simplest to most complex?

Answer 9

1. Chemical level
2. Cellular level
3. Tissue level
4. Organ level
5. Organ system level
6. Organism all level

Question 10

What happens in the chemical level of structural organization?

Answer 10

Atoms combine to form molecules

Question 11

What does hierarchy mean?

Answer 11

Going from smaller to larger, from lower to higher

Question 12

What happens in the cellular level of structural organization?

Answer 12

Cells are made of molecules

Question 13

What happens in the tissue level of structural organization?

Answer 13

-Tissues consists of similar types of cells

Question 14

What are the 4 different types of tissue?

Answer 14

1. Epithelium
2. Muscle
3. Connective tissue
4. Nervous Tissue

Question 15

What happens in the organ level of structural organization?

Answer 15

Organs are made up of different types of tissues.

Question 16

What happens in the organ system level of structural organization?

Answer 16

Organ systems consists of different organs that work together closely.

Question 17

What happens in the organismal level of structural organization?

Answer 17

The human organism is made up of many organ systems

Question 18

True or False

Are all human body cells interdependent?

Answer 18

TRUE

Question 19

What are the 8 necessary life functions?

Answer 19

1. Maintaining Boundaries
2. Movement
3. Responsive
4. Digestion
5. Metabolism
6. Excretion
7. Reproduction
8. Growth

Question 20

Describe maintaining boundaries as a life function.

Answer 20

Organisms have to keep what’s outside, outside and what’s inside, inside. The must keep what is going on in certain parts of the body separate.

Question 21

Describe movement as a necessary life function.

Answer 21

Movement inside the body

 - blood vessels
 - cells
 - gastrointestinal tract

Question 22

Describe responsive as a necessary life function.

Answer 22

Reacting to certain things happening within the body.

Question 23

Describe digestion as a necessary life function.

Answer 23

Breaking down food we bring into the body into small molecules.

Question 24

Describe metabolism as a necessary life function.

Answer 24

Breaking things apart into smaller units.

Breaking things down and putting things back together. Ultimately into the smallest unit known as glucose.

Question 25

Describe excretion as a necessary life function.

Answer 25

Most takes place in urine. Small amount through sweat.

Question 26

Describe reproduction as a necessary life function.

Answer 26

Not only needed to form babies, but also multiplying cells to make new cells. (Growth)

Question 27

Describe growth as a necessary life function.

Answer 27

Very important for organisms to survive. For true growth to occur, constructive activities must occur at a faster rate than destructive ones.

Question 28

What are the 5 survival needs?

Answer 28

1. Nutrients 2. Oxygen 3. Water 4. Normal body temperature 5. Appropriate atmospheric Pressure

Question 29

Describe nutrients as a survival need.

Answer 29

Be able to make new molecules

Question 30

Describe oxygen as a survival need.

Answer 30

If cells don't get enough oxygen they will die.

Question 31

Describe water as a survival need.

Answer 31

The single most abundant chemical substance in the body. The main solvent in the body, that dissolves most various components.

Question 32

Describe normal body temperature as a survival need.

Answer 32

Normal body temp is 98.6 *F & 37 *C | As body temperature drops, metabolic reactions become slower and slower and finally stop.

Question 33

Describe atmospheric pressure as a survival need.

Answer 33

Being able to put oxygen on the red blood cells to lungs and removing carbon dioxide removed from lungs. GAS EXCHANGE

Question 34

What does homeostasis mean?

Answer 34

Balance with in the body

Question 35

Lost the 5 interactions in the homeostatic control system to maintain stable internal control conditions. And what each does.

Answer 35

1. Stimulus - produces change in variable. 2. Receptor - detects change; sends to the brain. (Control Center) 3. Input- information sent along afferent pathway to control center 4. Output- information sent along efferent pathway to effector. 5. Response- of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level.

Question 36

What is a negative feedback control?

Answer 36

Response reduces stimulus (stress) | Ex: regulation of blood glucose, regulation of body temp...

Question 37

What is a positive feedback control?

Answer 37

Response increase the stimulus level (stress) Starts out small and gets bigger (Ex: blood clotting, childbirth, immune response...)

Question 38

What is pathological?

Answer 38

Disease state

Question 39

What are homeostatic imbalances?

Answer 39

Pathological processes with specific set of characteristics in which parts of body are not functioning correctly.

Question 40

Define symptoms

Answer 40

Subjective changes in body function, not observable; reported by individual.

Question 41

Define signs

Answer 41

Observable; objective change.

Question 42

What is anatomy?

Answer 42

Studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another.