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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation > Flashcards

Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the subdivisions of microscopic anatomy?

A

Cytology- considers the cells of the body

Histology- the study of tissue

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2
Q

What is Systemic anatomy?

A

Body structure is studied system by system. Blood vessels in heart.

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3
Q

What are 3 main subdivisions of Physiology?

A
  1. Renal Physiology
  2. Neurophysiology
  3. Cardiovascular Physiology
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4
Q

What is Renal Physiology?

A

Concerns kidney function and urine production.

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5
Q

What is neurophysiology?

A

Explains the working of the nervous system.

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6
Q

What is cardiovascular Physiology?

A

Examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels.

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7
Q

Why are anatomy and physiology inseparable?

A

Because function always reflects structure.

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8
Q

What is the Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function?

A

Something is made a certain way to do its function.

Ex: functionally blood can only flow in one direction through the heart

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9
Q

What are the 6 levels of Hierarchy Structural Organization from simplest to most complex?

A
  1. Chemical level
  2. Cellular level
  3. Tissue level
  4. Organ level
  5. Organ system level
  6. Organism all level
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10
Q

What happens in the chemical level of structural organization?

A

Atoms combine to form molecules

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11
Q

What does hierarchy mean?

A

Going from smaller to larger, from lower to higher

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12
Q

What happens in the cellular level of structural organization?

A

Cells are made of molecules

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13
Q

What happens in the tissue level of structural organization?

A

-Tissues consists of similar types of cells

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14
Q

What are the 4 different types of tissue?

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Muscle
  3. Connective tissue
  4. Nervous Tissue
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15
Q

What happens in the organ level of structural organization?

A

Organs are made up of different types of tissues.

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16
Q

What happens in the organ system level of structural organization?

A

Organ systems consists of different organs that work together closely.

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17
Q

What happens in the organismal level of structural organization?

A

The human organism is made up of many organ systems

18
Q

True or False

Are all human body cells interdependent?

A

TRUE

19
Q

What are the 8 necessary life functions?

A
  1. Maintaining Boundaries
  2. Movement
  3. Responsive
  4. Digestion
  5. Metabolism
  6. Excretion
  7. Reproduction
  8. Growth
20
Q

Describe maintaining boundaries as a life function.

A

Organisms have to keep what’s outside, outside and what’s inside, inside. The must keep what is going on in certain parts of the body separate.

21
Q

Describe movement as a necessary life function.

A

Movement inside the body

 - blood vessels
 - cells
 - gastrointestinal tract
22
Q

Describe responsive as a necessary life function.

A

Reacting to certain things happening within the body.

23
Q

Describe digestion as a necessary life function.

A

Breaking down food we bring into the body into small molecules.

24
Q

Describe metabolism as a necessary life function.

A

Breaking things apart into smaller units.

Breaking things down and putting things back together. Ultimately into the smallest unit known as glucose.

25
Q

Describe excretion as a necessary life function.

A

Most takes place in urine. Small amount through sweat.

26
Q

Describe reproduction as a necessary life function.

A

Not only needed to form babies, but also multiplying cells to make new cells. (Growth)

27
Q

Describe growth as a necessary life function.

A

Very important for organisms to survive. For true growth to occur, constructive activities must occur at a faster rate than destructive ones.

28
Q

What are the 5 survival needs?

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Oxygen
  3. Water
  4. Normal body temperature
  5. Appropriate atmospheric Pressure
29
Q

Describe nutrients as a survival need.

A

Be able to make new molecules

30
Q

Describe oxygen as a survival need.

A

If cells don’t get enough oxygen they will die.

31
Q

Describe water as a survival need.

A

The single most abundant chemical substance in the body. The main solvent in the body, that dissolves most various components.

32
Q

Describe normal body temperature as a survival need.

A

Normal body temp is 98.6 *F & 37 *C

As body temperature drops, metabolic reactions become slower and slower and finally stop.

33
Q

Describe atmospheric pressure as a survival need.

A

Being able to put oxygen on the red blood cells to lungs and removing carbon dioxide removed from lungs.
GAS EXCHANGE

34
Q

What does homeostasis mean?

A

Balance with in the body

35
Q

Lost the 5 interactions in the homeostatic control system to maintain stable internal control conditions. And what each does.

A
  1. Stimulus - produces change in variable.
  2. Receptor - detects change; sends to the brain. (Control Center)
  3. Input- information sent along afferent pathway to control center
  4. Output- information sent along efferent pathway to effector.
  5. Response- of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level.
36
Q

What is a negative feedback control?

A

Response reduces stimulus (stress)

Ex: regulation of blood glucose, regulation of body temp…

37
Q

What is a positive feedback control?

A

Response increase the stimulus level (stress)

Starts out small and gets bigger

(Ex: blood clotting, childbirth, immune response…)

38
Q

What is pathological?

A

Disease state

39
Q

What are homeostatic imbalances?

A

Pathological processes with specific set of characteristics in which parts of body are not functioning correctly.

40
Q

Define symptoms

A

Subjective changes in body function, not observable; reported by individual.

41
Q

Define signs

A

Observable; objective change.

42
Q

What is anatomy?

A

Studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another.

Anatomy & Physiology (3 decks)

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