Chapter 2: Chemistry

Question 1

ionic bonds

Answer 1

lose/gain electrons

Question 2

valence

Answer 2

charge from an ionic bond

Question 3

what are ions

and da 2 diff types of ions:

Answer 3

atom/s with an electrical charge
* cation- ion with a positive charge
* Anion- ion with a negative charge

Question 4

whats an aqueous solution?

Answer 4

a solution with water that weakens ionic bonds
*all chemical reactions in our body take place in a aqueous environment

Question 5

whats ionization/dissociation

Answer 5

its when salts are broken down into ions by water
allows the ions to be involved in other chemical reaction + be reused

stomach acid?

Question 6

disulfide bond

Answer 6

covalent bonds between sulfur atoms
important in some proteins

Question 7

hydrogen bond

Answer 7

a weak chemical bond between hydrogen + oxygen atoms in water

Question 8

whats a chemical reaction (and the 2 types)

Answer 8

chemical reaction is a change by the formation/breaking of chemical bonds
* synthesis reaction- bonds are formed to make new compunds (needs dehydration synthesis) EX: PROTEN SYNTHESIS
* decomposition reaction- bonds are broken and large moecules are broken into smaller ones. (requires hydrolysis) EX: STARCH–> GLUCOSE

Question 9

water and its properties

Answer 9

• solvent- dissolves salts + chemical reactions of body wastes
• lubricant- around bones, mucus, saliva (prevent friction)
• Helps maintain homeostasis because its hard to get it hot or cold without a lot of suddent heat/cold (maintains temperature)

Question 10

water compartments (2 main types)

Answer 10

1. Intracellular fluid (ICF)- in cytoplam/water within cells 65% total
2. Extracellular fluid (ECF)- the remainder of the water in our bodies

Question 11

specific ECF

Answer 11

1. plasma- water found in the blood vessels
2. lymph- water found in lymphatic vessels
3. tissue (interstilliar) fluid- water found between cells
4. synovial fluid- water in joints
5. cerebrospinal fluid- water in + around the brain and spinal cord
6. aqueous humor- water in da eyeboll

Question 12

cell resperationnn

Answer 12

**C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP + Heat **
* 6O2- used to breakdown glucose into useful energy
* ATP- energy for cell activities
* heat-contributes to maintain homeostasis
* 6CO2- byproduct of respiration exhaled cause if built up (acidosis) blood pH is less than the range(7.35-7.45) and therfore too acidic leading to lung disease, heart failure)

Question 13

trace elements

Answer 13

needed but in small amounts
1. calcium- bones, teeth, muscle contraction, blood clotting
2. phosphorus- bones, teeth, DNA/RNA, cell membranes
3. iron- red blood cells, cell respiration, myglobin
4. copper- cell respiration, hemoglobin
5. sodium + potassium- nerve impullses, muscle contractions
6. sulfur- protein synthesis
7. colbalt- part of vitamin B12
8. Iodine- part of thyroid hormones

Question 14

Acids

Answer 14

has more of hydrogen ions (H+)
on pH scale: 0-6
H+ ≥ OH-

Question 15

Base

Answer 15

more hydroxyl ions (OH-)
H+≤ OH-
on pH scale: 8-14

Question 16

pH scale

Answer 16

• ranges from 0-14
• measures acidity or alkalinity of a solution
• 1 step= concentration of ion charges 10x
• 7=nuetral (H+=OH-)

Question 17

Buffer systems

Answer 17

chemical reactions that minimize changes in the pH
Ex: food leabing acidic stomach is nuetralized (pH is raised) upon entering a small intenstine

Question 18

Sodium Bicarbonate System- Carbonic acid

Answer 18

H Cl + Na H C O3 ⇌ Na Cl + H2 C O3

Question 19

Organic Compounds

Answer 19

covalently bonded carbon + hydrgoen atoms
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic Acids

Question 20

Carbohydrates

Answer 20

• energy source
• made of CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN
• (C6 H12 O6) 1:2:1
  1. Monosaccharide- 1 sugar
  EX:(glucose=pretzels fructose=cornsyrup , galactose

2. Disaccharides- 2 sugar
   EX:(sucrose=glucose+fructose, maltose, Lactose)
3. *Oligosaccharides- 3-20 monosaccharides
   EX:anitgens (cell surface proteins) veggies
4. Polysaccharides- thousands saccharides
   Ex: GLYCOGEN- stored in liver+ muscles, In animals
   STARCH long branched chains of glucose, in plants
   CELLULOSE- long straight chains of glucose, structural, fiber/wood paper

Question 21

Lipids

Answer 21

contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (sometimes phosphorous)
true fats- 1 glycerol, 1/2/3 fatty acids
phospholipids- diglycerides withoug a phosphate group (in cell membranes)
steroids (diff structured) cholestrol-makes important hormones + make other bodily components (bie, vitamin d)
only comes from an animal source

Question 22

proteins

Answer 22

contain carbon, hydroen, oxygen, nitrogen (sometimes sulfur)
amino acids= subnites (20 different types, peptide bonds hold amino acids)

Question 23

enzymes

Answer 23

protein catalysts
active site, substrate (reacting enzyme) fits into it
denatured- nzyme loses it shapes cant carry it out function (caused by changes in pH + temperature)

Question 24

vitamins

Answer 24

an organic molecule needed in small amounts by the body for normal metabolsim growth
Water soluble vitamins: B, S
Fat soluble vitamins: A, D, E, K