Chapter 2 - Chemical Levels of Organization

Question 1

Element

Answer 1

any substance that cannot be further subdivided by chemical means

Question 2

Atom

Answer 2

the smallest part of an element that retains its physical and chemical properties

Question 3

Protons and Neutrons

Answer 3

form the dense matter of the nucleus. Protons are positive. Neutrons are neutral.

Question 4

Electrons

Answer 4

rotate around the nucleus, have a negative charge

Question 5

Electrically Neutral

Answer 5

an atom must have the same number of protons and electrons

Question 6

Atomic number

Answer 6

number of protons in an atoms nucleus

Question 7

Atomic weight/mass

Answer 7

the mass of each atom as compared to the mass of carbon

Question 8

Mass number

Answer 8

number of protons and neutrons in the atom’s nucleus

Question 9

Molecule

Answer 9

two or more atoms combined chemically

Question 10

Molecular weight/mass

Answer 10

the sum of the atomic weights/masses

Question 11

Chemical bonds

Answer 11

atoms which make up molecules are held together by energy interactions involving the electrons

Question 12

Covalent Bond

Answer 12

when 2 or more atoms share 1 or more pairs of electrons

Question 13

Polar covalent bond

Answer 13

when 2 atoms share a pair of electrons unequally

Question 14

Nonpolar covalent bond

Answer 14

when 2 atoms share a pair of electrons equally

Question 15

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 15

weak electrical attractions formed between hydrogen and certain very electronegative atoms like oxygen and nitrogen

Question 16

Ionic Bond

Answer 16

when one atoms pulls and electron away from another. the atom losing an electron becomes positive, the one that gains an electron becomes negative

Question 17

Dissociation

Answer 17

Ionic compounds come apart when dissolved in water. The water moves between the ions which them move freely about in the water

Question 18

Electrolytes

Answer 18

compounds which dissociate to form ions are termed electrolytes because they will conduct electricity in solution

Question 19

pH

Answer 19

the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. Measured on a scale of 0-14

Question 20

Acid

Answer 20

any substance that will yield a hydrogen (H+) ion when dissolved in water

Question 21

Base

Answer 21

any substance that will remove a (H+) ion when dissolved in water

Question 22

Strong Acids or Bases

Answer 22

completely dissociate in water

Question 23

Weak Acids or Bases

Answer 23

only partially dissociate in water

Question 24

Buffer

Answer 24

any substance which when added to a solution resists a change in pH.

Question 25

Isotopes

Answer 25

atoms which have identical chemical properties but differing atomic masses due to differences in the number of neutrons

Question 26

Solution

Answer 26

a homogeneous mixture of two or more components which cannot be distinguished and which do not settle out.

Question 27

Solvent

Answer 27

the component in greatest amount, usually water

Question 28

Solute

Answer 28

the component in the lesser amount

Question 29

Organic compounds

Answer 29

chemical compounds that contain carbon with a few exceptions

Question 30

Monomers and polymers

Answer 30

large organic compounds. Mono= one, Poly=many

Question 31

Carbohydrates

Answer 31

compounds composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen at a ratio of 1:2:1. Provide fuel for the body

Question 32

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 32

Two monomers are bonded releasing water

Question 33

Hydrolysis

Answer 33

Water is added, opposite of dehydration

Question 34

Lipids

Answer 34

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Function for long term energy storage, membrane components, insulation, and functions of hormones

Question 35

5 kinds of Lipids

Answer 35

fatty acids, eicosanoids, glycerides, steroids, and phospholipids/glycolipids

Question 36

Proteins

Answer 36

molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Most abundant organic molecules in the body. Structural components, contractions of muscle, protection, hormones, and enzymes.

Question 37

Primary Protein Structure

Answer 37

linear sequence of amino acids composing the polypeptide chain

Question 38

Secondary Protein Structure

Answer 38

Hydrogen bonding resulting in a helix or pleated structure

Question 39

Tertiary Protein Structure

Answer 39

Folding of the chain to form a compact ball-like or globular structure

Question 40

Quaternary Protein Structure

Answer 40

Several different polypeptides interacting to form a single protein molecule

Question 41

Fibrous Proteins

Answer 41

extended, strand-like structures that usually only go up to the secondary level. Highly stable and insoluble in water

Question 42

Globular Proteins

Answer 42

They go up to mostly the tertiary level and are water soluble.

Question 43

Denaturization

Answer 43

Bonding and shape fall apart, minor it can actually correct itself. Can happen due to temperature, pH, electricity, or change in concentration.

Question 44

Nucleic acids

Answer 44

made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Consists of a 5 carbon sugar (deoxy or ribose), a nitrogen containing base group, and a phosphate group. Transmit genetic information

Question 45

Enzymes

Answer 45

biological catalysts, a substance which will speed up a chemical reaction but is not altered by the reaction. have an active site, and function by lowering the energy of activation of a reaction.