Chapter 2 Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards
Smallest stable units of matter made up of “subatomic particles”
Atoms
What are the 3 subatomic particles.
- Protons
- Neutrons
- Electrons
Which subatomic particles are the same size and mass?
-neutrons and protons
Smaller subatomic particle.
-electron
Atoms contain a equal number of what subatomic particles.
-Protons and electrons
A equal number of protons and electron give the atom a what charge?
Neutral
Which subatomic particles are located in the nucleus
Protons & Neutrons
The pathway that an electron follows around the nucleus.
Orbits
The electron orbit and proton-neutron nucleus make up what?
Electron cloud
The number of protons is known as the ______.
Atomic number
The total number of protons and neutrons is known as the ______.
Atomic mass
The layering of electrons around the nucleus.
Shell
Atoms are classified by the number of protons into groups called ______.
Elements
Two or more elements are combined to form _____ _____.
Chemical compounds
How many elements are in the human body?
26
13 in large quantities
13 in small quantities
Created in nature by adding additional neutrons to nucleus of element.
Isotopes
Isotopes that emit subatomic paticles or radiation from its nucleus.
Radioisotopes
This is the time it takes for the radioisotope to breakdown or degrade by half of its original strength.
Half life
Quantity of an element that is equal to the elements atomic weight.
Mole
Elements that do not react with other atoms are said to be _____. Outer shell is complete.
Inert/Stable
Elements that interact with other elements are called _____.
Reactive
What are the types of chemical bonds?
- Ionic bonds
- Covalent bonds
- Hydrogen bonds
Strong bond when compounds are in solid form but weak when in liquid form.
Ionic bond
Two types of ions?
- Anion
- Cation
Negatively charged atom.
Anion
Positively charged atom.
Cation
One atom will lose an electron (electron donor)
Cation (+)
One atom will gain an electron (electron acceptor)
Anion (-)
Strong bond in which two atoms can complete their outer shell by sharing electrons. Strong bond. Can be single, double, or triple.
Covalent bonds
What are the 2 types of covalent bonds?
Non-polar
Polar
Type of covalent bond that has equal sharing of electrons.
Non-polar covalent bonds
Type of covalent bond that has unequal sharing of electrons, which creates a slightly negative charge and a slight positive charge.
Polar covalent bonds
Weak bond in which the attraction between positive delta of hydrogren of one molecule to negative delta of oxygen of another molecule.
Hydrogen bond
What are the 3 states of matter?
- Solids
- Liquids
- Gases
All of the atomic weights of all elements in a molecular or chemical compound.
Molecular Weight
New chemical bonds form between two or more atoms to make a new molecule or compound.
Chemical Reactions
Molecules that begin the reaction.
Reactants
New molecule that is formed.
Products
All chemical reactions in an organism.
Metabolism
How do cells maintain homeostasis?
By use of chemical reactions
Movement or change in the physical structure of matter.
Work
The capacity or ability to perform the work.
Energy
Work requires energy to be performed
What are the 2 types of energy?
Kinetic energy
Potential energy
Energy that is doing work or being used.
Kinetic energy
Stored energy (In battery.) ATP and ADP are examples.
Potential energy
What is ATP?
Energy stored in the human body
What is ADP?
Potential energy
Three types of chemical reactions?
- Decomposition
- Synthesis
- Exchange
Chemical reaction when a larger molecule is broken into smaller molecules.
Decomposition
In decomposition which is larger, reactants or the products?
Reactants
Decomposition involving water.
Hydrolysis
Decomposition of molecules within cells.
Catabolism
Chemical reaction that is the opposite of decomposition. A larger molecule is formed from two smaller molecules or atoms.
Synthesis.
In a synthesis reaction which is smaller reactants or the product?
Reactants.
What are the 2 types of synthesis?
- Dehydration synthesis
- Anabolism
Type of synthesis in which there is formation of a larger molecule by the removal of H2O.
Dehydration synthesis
Type of synthesis. The synthesis of new compounds within the body.
Anabolism
Chemical reaction that parts of reacting molecules are shifted around.
Exchange
What happens when a reaction reaches equilibrium?
There are equal numbers of decomposition reactions taken place as there are synthesis reactions.
Amount of energy required to start a reaction.
Activation energy
Chemicals the body uses to lower the activation energy to the reaction can occur with less energy.
Enzymes
Another name for enzymes
Catalysts
Compounds that can speed up reactions with out themselves being destroyed.
Catalysts
Compounds that can reduce the amount of heat by reducing the activation energy.
Catalysts
Compounds of the human body that do not have carbon and hydrogen as the primary structure.
Inorganic compounds
Main inorganic compounds of the human body? (4)
- Carbon Dioxide
- Oxygen
- Acids, Bases, Salts
- Water
Any solute that dissociates in solution and releases a hydrogen ion thus reducing the pH.
Acids
Any solute that dissociates in solution and releases a hydroxide ion thus increases the pH.
Bases
An ionic compound consisting of any cation (except a hydrogen ion) or anion (except a hydroxide ion)
Salts
Water is the universal solvent so many compounds are dissolved in water.
Solubility
Uniform mixture of two or more substances.
Solution
The medium the substances are dissolved in
Solven
Chemical reactions in our bodies occur in water.
Reactivity
Ability to absorb and retain heat due to hydrogen boding.
High heat capasity.
Water’s high head capacity allows blood plasma to recirculate heat as it circulates through the body
Separates two layers and keeps them slippery, reducing friction.
Lubrication
Water molecule is a polar covalent molecule, also called a dipole.
Polarity
What happens when salts are dissociated in water?
Electrical current can pass from one ion to the next ion.
Any soluble inorganic molecules whos ions will carry a charge.
Electrolytes
What is a neutral pH?
7
What is the homeostatic pH range of blood/tissue fluids.
7.35-7.45
What is it called when pH below 7 in the body causes coma.
Acidosis
What is it called when pH above 7.8 in the body causes uncontrollable muscle contractions.
Alkalosis
Organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Includes sugars and starches.
Carbohydrates
Monomer for Carbohydrates. Source of energy used immediately. Called a simple sugar
Monosaccharides
Complex sugar stored for future use.
Disaccharides/polysaccharaides
what is the 1:2:1 ratio for carbohydrates.
1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen
Kinds of monosaccharides
- 3-Triose
- 4-Tetrose
- 5-Pentose
- 6-Hexose
- 7-Heptose
Most important fuel that the body uses
Glucose
What kind of monosaccharide is glucose?
Hexose
Glucose and fructose are types of what?
Monosaccharides
Made up of 2 or more monosaccharides
Disaccharides and polysaccharides
Have a 1:2 ratio of carbon to hydrogen but contains fewer oxygen molecules than carbohydrates.
Lipids
Make up fats oils and waxes.
Lipids
Used as energy storage. Cell membrane components and chemical messengers.
Lipids
Has a long chain of several carbons bound with hydrogens with carboxylic acid tail.
Fatty Acids
Type of fatty acid that all carbons are single bonds
Saturated
Type of fatty acid that carbons have a double bond.
Unsaturated
Type of fatty acid that carbons only have 1 double bond.
Monounsaturated
Type of fatty acid that carbons have more than 1 double bond.
Polyunsaturated
Made from arachadonic acid
Eicosanoids
Must come from food, body can not make it.
Arachadonic acid
Short chain fatty acid, with 5 carbons in a ring. Released by damaged tissue to produce pain. Helps trigger labor contractions.
Prostaglandins
Produced in response to injury/disease by WBC’s.
Leukotrienes
