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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 2: Chemical Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body

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2
Q

When do chemical reactions occur?

A

when new bonds and/or old bonds are broken

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3
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A

releases energy by breaking a bond

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4
Q

Endergonic Reaction

A

requires that energy be added to form a bond

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5
Q

Energy

A

the capacity to do work

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6
Q

Energy is ___ in a chemical reaction.

A

transferred

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7
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

energy of matter in motion

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8
Q

Potential Energy

A

energy stored by matter due to an object’s position in space, or stored in chemical bonds.

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9
Q

Activation Energy

A

the energy required to break chemical bonds in the reactant molecules so a reaction can start

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10
Q

Chemical reactions increase with temperature, reactant concentration, and presence of a ____.

A

catalyst

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11
Q

Catalysts

A

speed up reactions by lowering activation energy

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12
Q

Do catalysts get consumed?

A

NO

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13
Q

True or False: Catalysts are used over and over again, often several million times per second.

A

True

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14
Q

What are the 4 types of chemical reactions?

A
  • synthesis reactions
  • decomposition reactions
  • exchange reactions
  • reversible reactions
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15
Q

Synthesis Reaction is also called ___.

A

anabolism

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16
Q

Anabolism

A

A+B= AB

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17
Q

Decomposition Reactions are also called ___.

A

Catabolism

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18
Q

Catabolism

A

AB = A+B

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19
Q

Exchange Reactions

A

AB + CD = AD + CB

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20
Q

Reversible Reactions

A

AC = A + C

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21
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

structurally simple molecules that usually lack carbon

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22
Q

What is an example of an inorganic compound?

A

KCI (salt potassium chloride)

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23
Q

Organic Compounds

A

always contain carbon and usually large, complex molecules.

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24
Q

Organic compounds usually contain ___ and always have ___.

A

hydrogen…covalent bonds

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25
Q

Is water important in inorganic compounds?

A

YES

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26
Q

Is water polar or non-polar?

A

polar

27
Q

What is meant by the fact that water is polar?

A

It allows chemicals to dissolve into it.

28
Q

Is water a solute or solvent?

A

solvent

29
Q

In a solution, the ___ dissolves the ___.

A

solvent….solute

30
Q

Hydrophilic Compounds

A

dissolve easily in water

31
Q

Hydrophobic Compounds

A

don’t dissolve easily in water

32
Q

Sodium and Chloride ions dissolve in ___.

A

water

33
Q

What are 5 examples of inorganic compounds?

A
  • salts
  • acids/bases
  • potassium
  • magnesium
  • fluoride
34
Q

True or False: Carbohydrates are the main energy source.

A

True

35
Q

Examples of Carbohydrates

A

sugars, starches, glycogen, cellulose

36
Q

3 Categories of Carbohydrates

A
  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides
  • polysaccharides
37
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simplest sugars (ribose, glucose)

38
Q

Disaccharides

A

made by combining 2 monosaccharides

39
Q

Polysaccharides are responsible for ___.

A

energy storage

40
Q

Where does the human body store glycogen?

A

in the liver or skeletal muscles

41
Q

The liver turns glycogen into ___ and releases it into the blood when sugar levels drop.

A

glucose

42
Q

Lipids

A

energy store and building blocks of cell walls

43
Q

Are lipids insoluble in water?

A

YES

44
Q

What do lipids need to combine with for transport in blood?

A

proteins

45
Q

What are 3 examples of lipids?

A
  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids
46
Q

Triglycerides

A

highly concentrated energy

47
Q

Triglycerides are usually ___.

A

fats or oils

48
Q

Excess dietary carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and oils are deposited in adipose tissue as ___.

A

Triglycerides

49
Q

Phospholipids

A

make up cell walls

50
Q

True or False: Phospholipids have polar and non-polar regions.

A

True

51
Q

Steroids

A

lipid molecules that have 4 rings of carbon atoms

52
Q

Steroids’ rings of carbon include 4 things:

A
  • sex hormones
  • bile salts
  • some vitamins
  • cholesterol
53
Q

Proteins

A

building blocks

54
Q

Humans are protein creatures that use carbohydrates to burn as fuels, and lipids for structural support, energy storage, and ___.

A

hormones

55
Q

Proteins are chains of ___.

A

amino acids

56
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

57
Q

Different combinations of amino acids make different ___.

A

proteins

58
Q

Nucleic Acids carry ___.

A

genetic information

59
Q

DNA

A

inside nucleus - template of genetic code

60
Q

RNA

A

relays instructions from the nucleus to guide assembly of amino acids into proteins in the cytoplasm

61
Q

ATP bonds store ___.

A

energy

62
Q

ATP transfers energy from sugars to ___.

A

proteins

63
Q

High energy phosphate is hydrolyzed by ___ to release the stored energy, leaving ADP.

A

ATPase

64
Q

True or False: A human will use up his/her body weight of ATP over the course of the day.

A

True

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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