Chapter 2: Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards
Metabolism
the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body
When do chemical reactions occur?
when new bonds and/or old bonds are broken
Exergonic Reaction
releases energy by breaking a bond
Endergonic Reaction
requires that energy be added to form a bond
Energy
the capacity to do work
Energy is ___ in a chemical reaction.
transferred
Kinetic Energy
energy of matter in motion
Potential Energy
energy stored by matter due to an object’s position in space, or stored in chemical bonds.
Activation Energy
the energy required to break chemical bonds in the reactant molecules so a reaction can start
Chemical reactions increase with temperature, reactant concentration, and presence of a ____.
catalyst
Catalysts
speed up reactions by lowering activation energy
Do catalysts get consumed?
NO
True or False: Catalysts are used over and over again, often several million times per second.
True
What are the 4 types of chemical reactions?
- synthesis reactions
- decomposition reactions
- exchange reactions
- reversible reactions
Synthesis Reaction is also called ___.
anabolism
Anabolism
A+B= AB
Decomposition Reactions are also called ___.
Catabolism
Catabolism
AB = A+B
Exchange Reactions
AB + CD = AD + CB
Reversible Reactions
AC = A + C
Inorganic Compounds
structurally simple molecules that usually lack carbon
What is an example of an inorganic compound?
KCI (salt potassium chloride)
Organic Compounds
always contain carbon and usually large, complex molecules.
Organic compounds usually contain ___ and always have ___.
hydrogen…covalent bonds
Is water important in inorganic compounds?
YES
Is water polar or non-polar?
polar
What is meant by the fact that water is polar?
It allows chemicals to dissolve into it.
Is water a solute or solvent?
solvent
In a solution, the ___ dissolves the ___.
solvent….solute
Hydrophilic Compounds
dissolve easily in water
Hydrophobic Compounds
don’t dissolve easily in water
Sodium and Chloride ions dissolve in ___.
water
What are 5 examples of inorganic compounds?
- salts
- acids/bases
- potassium
- magnesium
- fluoride
True or False: Carbohydrates are the main energy source.
True
Examples of Carbohydrates
sugars, starches, glycogen, cellulose
3 Categories of Carbohydrates
- monosaccharides
- disaccharides
- polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
simplest sugars (ribose, glucose)
Disaccharides
made by combining 2 monosaccharides
Polysaccharides are responsible for ___.
energy storage
Where does the human body store glycogen?
in the liver or skeletal muscles
The liver turns glycogen into ___ and releases it into the blood when sugar levels drop.
glucose
Lipids
energy store and building blocks of cell walls
Are lipids insoluble in water?
YES
What do lipids need to combine with for transport in blood?
proteins
What are 3 examples of lipids?
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
Triglycerides
highly concentrated energy
Triglycerides are usually ___.
fats or oils
Excess dietary carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and oils are deposited in adipose tissue as ___.
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
make up cell walls
True or False: Phospholipids have polar and non-polar regions.
True
Steroids
lipid molecules that have 4 rings of carbon atoms
Steroids’ rings of carbon include 4 things:
- sex hormones
- bile salts
- some vitamins
- cholesterol
Proteins
building blocks
Humans are protein creatures that use carbohydrates to burn as fuels, and lipids for structural support, energy storage, and ___.
hormones
Proteins are chains of ___.
amino acids
How many amino acids are there?
20
Different combinations of amino acids make different ___.
proteins
Nucleic Acids carry ___.
genetic information
DNA
inside nucleus - template of genetic code
RNA
relays instructions from the nucleus to guide assembly of amino acids into proteins in the cytoplasm
ATP bonds store ___.
energy
ATP transfers energy from sugars to ___.
proteins
High energy phosphate is hydrolyzed by ___ to release the stored energy, leaving ADP.
ATPase
True or False: A human will use up his/her body weight of ATP over the course of the day.
True
