Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body Flashcards
Anatomy is the study of body ___.
structure
Physiology is the study of body ___.
function
Homeostasis is the body in ___.
balance
True or False: Structure and function are closely related.
True
True or False: Structure does not mirror function.
False
Surface Anatomy
study of form and markings of the body surface, using visualization or palpation
Gross Anatomy
the study of anatomical structures visible to the unaided eye
Does Surface Anatomy proceed through cutting?
NO
Does Gross Anatomy proceed through cutting?
YES
What are the two general approaches of Gross Anatomy?
Systemic and Reigonal
Systemic Approach of Gross Anatomy
study of one system at a time
Reigonal Approach of Gross Anatomy
study of all systems in one specific reigon
Developmental Anatomy
the study of the fertilized egg developing into its adult form
Embryology
a subcategory of Developmental Anatomy that studies conception to 8th week of gestation
Histology
study of tissues
Cytology
the study of individual cellular structures
Pathology
the study of anatomical changes due to disease
True or False: Pathologists use gross inspection, histology, cytology, and laboratory examinations to discover the source of the disease.
True
Autopsy
a postmortem exam of the body and internal organs performed by a pathologist
What are 4 reasons an autopsy is done?
- determine cause of death
- identify diseases not detected during life
- determine extent of injuries and contribution to death
- identify hereditary conditions
Which term describes the study of the functions of body structures?
physiology
What is the order of the levels of organization?
atomic , molecular , cellular , tissue , organ , system , organism
What is the regular blood glucose range?
70 - 100 mg
Homeostasis is a state of ____ in the body’s internal environment
equilibrium
Homeostasis is a dynamic condition that keeps body functions in the _____ compatible with maintaining life.
narrow range
Body Fluids
dilute solutions containing dissolved chemicals
Intracellular Fluid
fluid within cells
Extracellular Fluid
fluid outside cells
Interstitial Fluid
ECF between cells and tissues
Blood Plasma
ECF within blood vessels
Lymph
ECF withing lymphatic vessels
Cerebrospinal Fluid
ECF in the brain and spinal cord
Synovial Fluid
ECF in joints
Aqueous Humor
ECF in eyes
True or False: Cellular function depends on regulating interstitial fluid.
True
True or False: Composition does not change as substances move between plasma and the interstitial fluid.
False
True or False: Interstitial Fluid provides nutrients to tissue cells and removes waste.
False
What are three things that control of homeostasis is constantly being challenged by?
- physical insults
- changes to internal environment
- physiological stress
What do intense or prolonged disruptions of homeostasis often result in?
disease or death
What are the three basic components of a feedback system?
- receptor
- control center
- effector
Is the body monitored and re-monitored during a feedback system?
YES
Each monitored variable in a feedback system is termed a _____.
controlled condition
Receptor
monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to the control center
What is an example of a receptor on the human body?
specialized nerve endings in the skin act as temperature receptors
Control Center
evaluates input received from receptors and generates an output command
What is usually the control center?
the brain
What are examples of output commands from the control center?
nerve impulses, hormones
Effector
receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
Can almost every organ or tissue serve as an effector?
YES
Negative Feedback System
reverses a change in a controlled condition
What is an example of a negative feedback system?
regulation of blood pressure
Positive Feedback System
strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition
What is an example of a positive feedback system?
normal child birth
What are the steps of BP regulation in a negative feedback system?
- BP increases
- Baroreceptors (pressure receptors) detect higher BP and send nerve impulse to the brain
- Responses sent via nerve impulses to the heart and blood vessels cause the BP to drop
What are the steps of childbirth when it comes to a positive feedback system?
- Uterine contractions cause the vagina to open.
- Stretch-sensitive receptors in cervix send impulses to brain.
- Oxytocin is released into the blood.
- Contractions enhanced and baby pushes farther down the uterus.
- Cycle continues until birth of the baby.
Anatomical Position
head is level , feet is flat on the floor directed forward, arms at their sides with palms forward
Superior
above, top, toward head
Inferior
below, bottom, away from head
Anterior/Ventral
toward the front
Posterior/Dorsal
toward the back
Medial
toward the midline
Lateral
away from midline
Intermediate
between medial and lateral
Proximal
nearest to the origin
Distal
farther from origination
Ipsilateral
same side of the body
Contralateral
opposite side of the body
Body Planes
imaginary flat surfaces that separate the body or body part into portions
What are the three major planes at right angles to one another?
- sagittal (midline)
- transverse (horizontal)
- frontal (coronal)
Sagittal Plane
divides the body into right and left sides
Midsagittal Plane
divides the body into mirror image halves
Parasagittal Plane
divides the body into unequal halves
Frontal (Coronal) Planes
divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Transverse (Cross-Sectional) Plane
divides the body into superior and inferior portions
Oblique Planes
pass through the body or organ at an angle that is not equal to 90 degrees.
Sections
cuts of the body made along a plane
Radiography
x-rays used to produce an image of internal structures. They are inexpensive and quick.
True or False: Radiography imaging passes easily through dense structure.
False
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
uses a powerful magnetic field to help generate 3D images.
Computed Tomography (CT)
3D x-rays
Ultrasound Scanning
done using high frequency sound waves. It is noninvasive, painless, and safe.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan)
done by injecting a substance emitting positively charged particles into the body.
What is PET scan used for?
to study physiology of body structures
Endoscopy
done using lighted instrument with a lens projecting an image onto a monitor.
