Chapter 2- chemical level Flashcards
Major Elements and functions
Oxygen (O) -major component of organic and inorganic compounds, needed for production of ATP. Carbon (C) -primary component of organic molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, fats, proteins, and nucleic acid Hydrogen (H) -component of inorganic molecules, influences pH as H- and OH ions Nitrogen (N) -component of proteins and nucleic acid
Lesser elements Calcium
Calcium (Ca) -found as a salt in bones and teeth, required for muscle contraction and conduction of nerve impulses and blood clotting as a cation (Ca+)
Lesser Element Phosphorus
(P) part of calcium phosphate salt in bones and teeth, present in nucleic acids and ATP
Lesser element Potassium
(K) major cation in cells, necessary for nerve impulses and muscle contraction (K+)
Lesser element Sulfer
(S) component of proteins, specifically muscle proteins
Lesser element Sodium
(Na) major cation (Na+) in extracellular fluid, important for water balance, nerve impulses and muscle contraction
Lesser element Chlorine
(Cl) most abundant cation in extracellular fluid (Cl-)
lesser element Magnesium
(Mg) Present in bone, and important for metabolic processes
lesser element Iodine
(I) needed for thyroid function
Lesser element Iron
(Fe) component of hemoglobin (required for transport of oxygen within red blood cells) and some other enzymes
Trace elements
Copper (Cu), Fluorine (F), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Silicone (Si)
Free Radicals
Group of atoms with unpaired electrons, formed through oxygen reactions, and become highly reactive and can start chain reactions.
Atom structure
Atomic number, Atomic mass, mass number
Isotopes
form of an element, ex Carbon12, Carbon16, different isotopes have different functions
ion and ionization
ions always have charges, either - or + , ionization is breaking down elements into seperate elements with charges
molecule
two or more atoms
compound
2 or more molecules
Valence shell electrons
unpaired electrons in the last shell of electrons, each shell after the first has 8 electrons (4 pairs)
ionic bond
cation
anion
electrolyte
an ionic bond is a bond in which a molecule loses or gains an electron, resulting in a postively charged cation, or negatively charged anion. Solutions with ionic molecules can conduct eletctricity, thus called an electrolyte
Covalent bond
A chemical bond where electrons are shared to complete valence shells, one shares pair=single, 2=double, 3=triple
Electronegativity
polar and non polar
Ability to attract electrons
some atoms have more electronegativity than others creating a polar molecule
hydrogen bond
weak bond in which hydrogen atom forms a bridge betweeb two electron hungry atoms, important intramolecular bond
surface tension
surface tension of water is water molecules being interconnected with eachother due to traction of particles
reactants and products
catalysts
not part of reaction, but cause reactions to happen faster
Synthesis reactions vs decomposition reactions
Anabolism vs Catabolism
Exchange reaction
Reversible reaction
oxydation and reduction
oxydation-losing electrons
reduction-gaining electrons
properties of inorgainic compounds
Inorganic compounds usually lack carbon and are structurally simple. Their molecules also have only a few atoms and cannot be used by cells to perform complicated biological functions. They include water and many salts, acids, and bases. Inorganic compounds may have either ionic or covalent bonds
properties of organic compounds
Organic compounds always contain carbon, usually contain hydrogen, and always have covalent bonds. Most are large molecules, many made up of long carbon atom chains.
Water as a solvent-
