Chapter 1- The Human Body Flashcards
define the terms anatomy and physiology.
Anatomy is the study of structures in the body. Physiology is the study of functions of anatomical structures
define the following levels of structural organization: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system and organism.
Chemical-basic level containing atoms and molecules(letters) Cellular-molecules combined to form cells, basic structural and functional units (words) Tissue- groups of cells and surrounding material, 3 basic types, connective, muscular, nervous, and epithelial, (sentences) Organ-composed of tissues, have specific functions and recognizable shapes. (paragraphs) System-made of organs working together to have a common function such as digestive system (chapter) Organism- living individual (book)
Integumentary system
Components-skin, hair, nails, sweat glands and oil glands. Functions- protect body, regulate temperature, eliminate waste, make vitamin D, detect sensations, store fat and insulate body
Skeletal system
Components- Bones, joints and cartilage Function-Support, protect, provide surface for muscle attachments, aides movement, produces red blood cells, and stores minerals and fat
Muscular system
Components-skeletal muscle tissue Function-movement, produce heat, and maintain posture
Nervous system
components-brain, spinal cord and nerves, ears and eyes function- generate nerve impulses, regulate body activities, detect and respond to changes
endocrine system
components-hormone producing glands such as pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries and testies Function- regulate activity by releasing hormones
Cardiovascular system
components-blood, heart, blood vessels function-pump blood to carry oxygen and nutrients to cells and carry carbon dioxide and waste away from cells. regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water concentration, and repair and defend against disease.
Lymphatic system and immunity
components-lymphatic fluid, vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils, and immune response cells such as B cells and T cells. Functions-return proteins, fluids and lipids to blood, matures B and T cells that fight disease
Respiratory system
components-lungs air passageways such as pharynz, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes functions-transfter oxygen from air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to air. produce sound and regulate acid-base balance
digestive system
components-mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus, and salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas function-breakdown food, absorb nutrients, eliminate waste
Urinary system
components- kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra functions- produce, store and eliminate urine, eliminate waste and regulate chemical composition of blood.
reproductive system
components-gonads, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, epididymis, ductus, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis functions-produce gametes, regulate reproduction processes
6 basic life processes
1)Metabolism-breaking down (catabolism) and building up (anabolism) chemical substances 2)Responsiveness- detect and respond to changes in body 3)Movement-both as a whole and on organ/cell levels 4)Growth-increasing in size and number of cells 5)Differentiation- specialization of cells 6)Reproduction-producing new cells for growth and reproducing offspring
homeostasis
condition of having equilibrium or balance in the body.
intracellular fluid (ICF)
fluid inside cells
extracellular fluid (ECF)
fluid outside cells- includes interstitial fluid = internal environment-between cells in tissue blood plasma-in blood vessels lymph-in lymphatic vessels cerebrospinal fluid- in brain and spinal cord synovial fluid-in joints aqueous humor and vitreous body- in eyes
feedback system
-uses hormones and nerve impulses to maintain homeostasis -loop ->controlled conditioned ->stimulus ->receptor ->afferent pathway/input ->control centre ->efferent pathway/output ->effectors ->response ->controlled condition
Negative vs Positive feedback
Negative reverses changes caused by stimuli (ex- calcium feedback loop) Positive strengthens stimuli (ex-stretching or uterus when giving birth)
What is a disorder
Abnormality of structure or function
Disease
More specific disorder
Symptoms
Subjective change
Signs
Objectively measurable changes used by clinicians
Diagnosis
Distinguishing one disorder from another
Anatomical position
Laying flat on back, palms facing up
supine vs prone position
planes and axis
body cavities
directional terms
