Chapter 2 Chemical Compositions of the Body

Question 1

what is an ion?

Answer 1

mismatch between number of protons and electrons; results when an atoms gains or loses one or more electrons

Question 2

covalent bond

Answer 2

strongest chemical bond, atoms share electrons; eg. CH4

Question 3

ionic bond

Answer 3

opposite charges attract; one atom loses and electron the other one excepts it; eg. Na+Cl-

Question 4

hydrogen bonds

Answer 4

weaker then ionic bonds; attraction of H to O or N; seeing as dashed lines; eg. H2O molecules

Question 5

van der Waals forces

Answer 5

weakest chemical bond; molecules are near by each other and just have a slight electrical attraction; eg. between lipid molecules

Question 6

molecular weight

Answer 6

grams of solute you need to add to 1 L of solvent to produce a 1-molar (M) solution

Question 7

polar compounds

Answer 7

can dissolve other polar compounds, are slightly charged

They have opposite charges at each end of the bond

Question 8

non-polar compounds

Answer 8

don´t have a charge

Question 9

hydrophilic compounds

Answer 9

dissolve in water

Question 10

hydrophobic compounds

Answer 10

fats; don´t dissolve in water; dissolve in other hydrophobic, non-polar solvents

Question 11

amphipathic

Answer 11

don´t like water enither fats, don´t like polar neither non-polar solvents

Question 12

ph value

Answer 12

indicates the acidity of a solution

Question 13

what is the primary determinant of solution´s acidity?

Answer 13

free hydrogen ions

Question 14

realtionship between acidity and ph

Answer 14

more acidity = lower ph; fewer acidity = higher ph
ph < 7 = acidic ( a lot of hydrogen)
ph 7 = neutral
ph > 7 alkaline

Question 15

organic molecules

Answer 15

carbohydrates (suagrs), lipids, proteins, nulcleic acids (DNA, RNA)

They contain C and H

Question 16

general formular of carbohydrates

Answer 16

C(n)H(2n)O(n) (twice as many hydrogen molecules then carbon and oxygen

Question 17

function of carbohydrates

Answer 17

energy storage and production

Question 18

glycogen

Answer 18

stored energy unit made by glucose;

Question 19

types of lipids

Answer 19

fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids (ring structure)

Question 20

structure of lipids

Answer 20

non-polar covalent bonds
low solubility in water
all carbons are connected to hydrogen

Question 21

function of lipids

Answer 21

best energy source
used in membranes and hormones
insulation

Question 22

phopholipids

Answer 22

have polar and non-polar region

Question 23

structure of proteins

Answer 23

build by amino acids (like a string of beads)

Question 24

main components of proteins

Answer 24

C, H, O, N, sulfur + other elements in small amounts

Question 25

funtion of proteins

Answer 25

enymes, cell-attachments, homrones…..

Question 26

peptide bonds

Answer 26

covalent bond that connects amino acids

Question 27

primary protein structure

Answer 27

all amino acids string together

Question 28

secondary protein structure

Answer 28

folded shape of polypeptide chain

Question 29

what can cause secondary structure

Answer 29

hydrogen-, ionic bonds and van der Waals forces

Question 30

tertiary proein structure

Answer 30

more folding, protein starts functioning

Question 31

quaternary protein structure

Answer 31

multiple polypeptided bonds together

Question 32

structure of nulceic acids

Answer 32

sugar+base+phosphate

Question 33

funtion of nucleic acids

Answer 33

information storage (DNA & RNA), energy storgae (ATP), high energy electron transfer molecules (NADH & FADH2)

Question 34

DNA, RNA

Answer 34

2 chains of deoxyribonucleotides, 1 chain of ribonucleotides

Question 35

bases of DNA

Answer 35

Guanine, Tymine, Cytosine, Adenine

Question 36

bonds between bases

Answer 36

Hydrogen bonds between C - G, T - A, A - T, G - C

Question 37

RNA bonds

Answer 37

same as DNA except Uracil instead of Thymine; U - A, A - T

Question 38

List the bonds from strongest to weakest

Answer 38

Covalent
Ionic
Hydrogen
Van der Waals forces

Question 39

What bonds are found in Carbohydrates

Answer 39

Covalent

Question 40

Monosaccharide

Answer 40

Simple sugar

Question 41

Disaccharide

Answer 41

Two monosaccharides

Question 42

Polysaccharide

Answer 42

Many monosaccharide molescules

Question 43

Saturated fatty acid

Answer 43

All C linked by single covalent bonds

Question 44

Unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 44

Some double bonds

Question 45

Phospholipids are made up of

Answer 45

1 glycerol
2 fatty acids
1 phosphate

Question 46

Triglyceride is made up of

Answer 46

1 glycerol

3 fatty acids

Question 47

What are Micelles

Answer 47

amphipathic phospholipids mix with water