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Physiological Psych (The Mind's Machine by Watson & Breedlove) > Chapter 2 (Cells & Structure) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 (Cells & Structure) Flashcards

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1
Q

glial cells

A

Also called glia. Nonneuronal brain cells thta provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain.

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2
Q

synapse

A

The cellular location at which information is transmitted from a neuron to another cell.

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3
Q

input zone

A

The part of a neuron that receives information, form other neurons or from specialized sensory structures.

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4
Q

dendrite

A

An extension of the cell body that receives information from other neurons.

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5
Q

integration zone

A

The part of a neuron that initiates nerve electrical activity

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6
Q

cell body or soma

A

The region of a neuron that is defined by the presence of the cell nucleus.

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7
Q

conduction zone

A

The part of a neuron over which the nerve’s electrical signal may be actively propagated.

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8
Q

axon

A

Also called nerve fiber. A single extension from the nerve cell that carries action potentials from the cell body toward the axon terminals.

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9
Q

output zone

A

The part of a neuron at which the cell sends information to another cell.

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10
Q

axon terminal

A

Also called synaptic bouton. The end of an axon or axon collateral, which forms a synapse on a neuron or another target cell.

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11
Q

motoneuron

A

Also called motor neuron. A neuron that transmits neural messages, to muscles (or glands).

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12
Q

sensory neuron

A

A nerve cell that is directly affected by changes in the environment, such as light, odor, or touch.

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13
Q

interneuron

A

A nerve cell that is neither a sensory neuron nor a motoneuron; interneurons receive input from and send output to other neurons.

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14
Q

multipolar neuron

A

A nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon (most common).

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15
Q

bipolar neuron

A

A nerve cell that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other end.

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16
Q

unipolar neuron

A

Also called a monopolar neuron. A nerve cell with a single branch that leaves the cell body and extends in two directions; one end is the input zone, and the other end is the output zone.

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17
Q

presynaptic

A

Referring to the region of a synapse that releases neurotransmitter.

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18
Q

postsynaptic

A

Referring to the region of a synapse that receives and responds to neurotransmitter.

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19
Q

presynaptic membrane

A

The specialized membrane on the surface of a nerve cell that receives information by responding to neurotransmitter fro a presynaptic neuron.

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20
Q

synaptic cleft

A

The space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons at a synapse.

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21
Q

synaptic vesicle

A

A small, spherical structure that contains molecules of neurotransmitter.

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22
Q

neurotransmitter

A

The chemical released from the presynaptic axon terminal that serves as the basis of communication between neurons.

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23
Q

neurotransmitter receptor

A

A protein tat captures and reacts to molecules of a neurotransmitter or hormone.

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24
Q

neural plasticity

A

The ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment.

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25
Q

axon hillock

A

The cone-shaped area on the cell body from which the axon originates.

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26
Q

innervate

A

To provide neural input to.

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27
Q

axon collateral

A

A branch of an axon

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28
Q

axonal transport

A

The transportation of materials from the neuronal cell body to distant regions in the dendrites and axons, and from the axon terminals back to the cell body.

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29
Q

ogliodendrocyte

A

A type of glial cell that forms myelin in the central nervous system.

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30
Q

Schwann cell

A

A type of glial cell that forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system.

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31
Q

myelin

A

The fatty insulation around an axon, formed by glial cells. This sheath improves the speed at which nerve impulses are conducted.

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32
Q

node of Ranvier

A

A gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed.

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33
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

Literally, “many scars”; a disorder characterized by the widespread degeneration of myelin.

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34
Q

astrocyte

A

A star-shaped glial cell with numerous processes (extensions) that run in all directions.

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35
Q

microglial cells

A

Also called microglia. Extremely small glial cells that remove cellular debris from injured or dead cells.

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36
Q

edema

A

Swelling of tissue, especially in the brain, in response to injury.

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37
Q

gross neuroanatomy

A

Anatomical features of the nervous system that are apparent to the naked eye.

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38
Q

CNS

A

The portion of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord.

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39
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

The portion of the nervous system that includes all the nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord.

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40
Q

nerve

A

a collection of axons bundled together outside of the CNS

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41
Q

motor nerve

A

A nerve that transmits information from the CNS to the muscles and glands

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42
Q

sensory nerve

A

A nerve that conveys information from the body to the CNS

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43
Q

cranial nerve

A

A nerve that is connected directly to the brain (12)

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44
Q

spinal nerve

A

Also called somatic nerve. A nerve that emerges from the spinal cord.

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45
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

The part of the peripheral NS that supplies neural connections to the glands and to smooth muscles of internal organs.

46
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord. This devision prepares the body for immediate action.

47
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

The division of the autonomic NS that arises from both the cranial nerves and the sacral spinal cord. This division helps the body to relax, recuperate, and prepare for future action.

48
Q

cerebral hemisphere

A

One of the two halves–right or left–of the forebrain.

49
Q

cerebral cortex

A

The outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres, which consists largely of nerve cell bodies and their branches.

50
Q

gyrus

A

A ridged or raised portion of a convoluted brain surface

51
Q

sulcus

A

A crevice or valley of a convoluted brain surface.

52
Q

Sylvian fissure

A

Also called lateral sulcus. A deep fissure that demarcates the temporal lobe.

53
Q

central sulcus

A

A fissure that divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

54
Q

corpus callosum

A

The main band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.

55
Q

Afferent

A

Afferents arrive

56
Q

Efferent

A

Efferents exit

57
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

(Sensory) The strip of parietal cortex, just behind the central sulcus, that receives somatosensory information from the entire body

58
Q

precentral gyrus

A

The strip of frontrol cortex, just in front of the central sulcus, that is crucial for motor control

59
Q

gray matter

A

Areas of the brain that are dominated by cell bodies and are devoid of myelin. Gray matter mostly receives and processes information.

60
Q

white matter

A

A lighter-colored layer of tissue, consisting mostly of myelin-sheathed axons, that lies underneath the gray matter of the cortex. White matter mostly transmits information.

61
Q

neural tube

A

An embryonic structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.

62
Q

forebrain

A

The frontal division of the neural tube, containing the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus.

63
Q

midbrain

A

The middle division of the brain

64
Q

hindbrain

A

The rear division of the brain, which, in the mature vertebrate, contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla.

65
Q

telencephalon

A

The anterior part of the fetal forebrain, which will become the cerebral hemispheres in the adult brain.

66
Q

diencephalon

A

The posterior part of the fetal forebrain, which will become the thalamus and and hypothalamus in the adult brain

67
Q

brainstem

A

The region of the brain that consists of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla.

68
Q

nucleus

A

Here, a collection of neuronal cell bodies within the central nervous system (e.g. the caudate nucleus)

69
Q

tract

A

A bundle of axons found within the CNS.

70
Q

pyramidal cell

A

A type of large nerve cell has a roughly pyramidal shape cell body and is found in the cerebral cortex.

71
Q

cortical column

A

One of the vertical columns that constitute the basic organization of the cerebral cortex.

72
Q

basal ganglia

A

A group of forebrain nuclei, including the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen, found deep within the cerebral hemispheres

73
Q

caudate nucleus

A

One of the basal ganglia; it has a long extension or tail

74
Q

putamen

A

One of the basal ganglia.

75
Q

limbic system

A

A loosely defined, wide-spread group of brain nuclei that innervate each other to form a network.

76
Q

amygdala

A

A group of nuclei in the medial anterior part of the temporal lobe.

77
Q

hippocampus

A

A medial temporal lobe structure that is important for learning and memory

78
Q

fornix

A

A fiber tract that extends from the hippocampus to the mammilary body

79
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

A strip of cortex, found int he frontal and parietal midline, that is part of the limbic system as is implicated in many cognitive functions

80
Q

olfactory bulb

A

An anterior projection of the brain that terminates in the upper nasal passages and, through small openings in the skull, provides receptors for smell.

81
Q

thalamus

A

The brain regions that surround the third ventricle.

82
Q

hypothalamus

A

Part of the diencephalon, lying ventral to the thalamus

83
Q

superior colliculi

A

Paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that process visual information.

84
Q

inferior colliculi

A

Paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that process auditory information

85
Q

tectum

A

The dorsal portion of the midbrain consisting of the inferior and superior colliculi.

86
Q

substantia nigra

A

A brainstem structure that innervates the basal ganglia and is the source of all dopaminergenic projections.

87
Q

reticular formation

A

An extensive region of the brainstem (extending from the medulla through the thalamus) that is involved in sleep and arousal.

88
Q

cerebellum

A

A structure located at the back of the brain, dorsal to pons, that is involved in the central regulation of movement.

89
Q

pons

A

The portion of the brainstem that connects the midbrain to the medulla.

90
Q

medulla

A

The posterior part of the hindbrain, continuous with the spinal cord.

91
Q

meninges

A

The three protective membranes–dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid–that surround the brain and spinal cord.

92
Q

dura mater

A

The outermost of the three meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord.

93
Q

pia mater

A

The innemost of the three meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord.

94
Q

arachnoid

A

The thin covering (on of three meninges) of the brain that lies between the dura mater and the pia mater.

95
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

The fluid that fills the cerebral ventricles.

96
Q

meningitis

A

An acute inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection

97
Q

meningioma

A

A noninvasive tumor of the meninges

98
Q

ventricular system

A

A system of fluid-filled cavities inside the brain.

99
Q

lateral ventricle

A

A complexly shaped lateral portion of the ventricular system within each hemisphere of the brain.

100
Q

choroid plexus

A

A specialized membrane lining the ventricles that produces CSF by filtering blood.

101
Q

third ventricle

A

The midline ventricle that conducts CSF from the lateral ventricles to the fourth ventricle

102
Q

fourth ventricle

A

The passageway within the pons that receives CSF from the third ventricle and releases it to t surround the brain and spinal cord.

103
Q

stroke

A

Damage to a region of brain tissue that results from the blockage or rupture of vessels that supply blood to that region.

104
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

The mechanisms that make the movement of substances from blood vessels into brain cells more difficult than exchanges in other body organs, thus affording the brain greater protection from exposure to some substances found in the blood.

105
Q

CT

A

A noninvasive technique for examining brain structure through computer analysis of x-ray absorption at several positions around the head.

106
Q

MRI

A

A noninvasive technique for examining brian structure that uses magnetic energy to generate images that reveal some structural details in the living brain

107
Q

fMRI

A

MRI that detects changes in blood flow and therefore identifies regions of the brain that are particularly active during a given task.

108
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

A technique for examining brain function that combines tomography with injections of radioactive substances used by the brain.

109
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

A noninvasive technique for examining brain function that applies strong magnetic fields to stimulate cortical neurons, in order to identify discrete areas of the brain that are particularly active during specific behaviors

110
Q

magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

A passive and noninvasive technique for examining brain function that measures the tiny magnetic fields produced by active neurons, in order to identify regions of the brain that are particularly active during a given task

Physiological Psych (The Mind's Machine by Watson & Breedlove) (13 decks)

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