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Physiological Psych (The Mind's Machine by Watson & Breedlove) > Chapter 10 (Biological Rhythms and Sleep) > Flashcards

Chapter 10 (Biological Rhythms and Sleep) Flashcards

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1
Q

biological rhythm

A

A regular fluctuation in any living processes.

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2
Q

circadian rhythm

A

A pattern of behavioral, biochemical, or physiological fluctuation that has a 24-hour period.

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3
Q

ultradian

A

Referring to a rhythmic biological event whose period is shorter than that of a circadian rhythm, usually from several minutes to several hours long.

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4
Q

infradian

A

Referring to a rhythmic biological event whose period is longer than that of a circadian rhythm–that is, longer than a day.

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5
Q

diurnal

A

Active during the light periods of the daily cycle.

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6
Q

nocturnal

A

Active during the dark periods of the daily cycle.

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7
Q

free-running

A

Referring to a rhythm of behavior shown by an animal deprived of external cues about time of day.

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8
Q

period

A

The interval of time between two similar points of successive cycles, such as sunset to sunset.

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9
Q

phase shift

A

A shift in the activity of a biological rhythm, typically provided by a synchronizing environmental stimulus.

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10
Q

entrainment

A

The process of synchronizing a biological rhythm to an environmental stimulus.

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11
Q

zeitgeber

A

Literally “time-giver” (in German). The stimulus (usually the light-dark cycle) that entrains circadian rhythms.

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12
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

A small region of the hypothalamus above the optic chiasm that is the location of a circadian cloth.

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13
Q

melatonin

A

An amine hormone that is secreted by the pineal gland at night, thereby signaling day length to the brain.

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14
Q

retinohypothalamic pathway

A

The route by which retinal ganglion cells send their axons to the suprachiasmatic nuclei.

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15
Q

melanopsin

A

A photopigment found within particular retinal ganglion cells that projects to the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

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16
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

The recording and study of gross electrical activity of the brain via large electrodes placed on the scalp.

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17
Q

slow-wave sleep (SWS)

A

Also called non-REM sleep. Sleep, divided into stages 1-3, that is defined by the presence of slow-wave EEG activity.

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18
Q

rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep

A

Also called paradoxical sleep. A stage of sleep characterized by small-amplitude, fast-EEG waves, no postural tension, and rapid eye movements.

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19
Q

desynchronized EEG

A

Also called beta activity. A pattern of EEG activity comprising a mix of many different high frequencies with low amplitude.

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20
Q

alpha rhythm

A

A brain potential of 8-12 hertz that occurs during relaxed wakefulness.

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21
Q

vertex spike

A

A sharp-wave EEG pattern that is seen during stage 1 sleep.

22
Q

stage 1 sleep

A

The initial stage of slow-wave sleep, which is characterized by small-amplitude EEG waves of irregular frequency, slow heart rate, and reduced muscle tension.

23
Q

stage 2 sleep

A

A stage of slow-wave sleep that is defined by bursts of regular 14- to 18-hertz EEG waves called sleep spindles.

24
Q

sleep spindle

A

A characteristic 14- to 18-hertz wave in the EEG of a person said to be in stage 2 sleep.

25
Q

K complex

A

A sharp, negative EEG potential that is seen in stage 2 sleep.

26
Q

stage 3

A

A stage of slow-wave sleep that is defined by the presence of large amplitude, slow delta waves.

27
Q

delta wave

A

The slowest type of EEG wave, characteristic of stage 3 sleep.

28
Q

nightmare

A

A long, frightening dream that awakens the sleeper from REM sleep.

29
Q

night terror

A

A sudden arousal from stage 3 sleep that is marked by intense fear and autonomic activation.

30
Q

sleep deprivation

A

The partial or total prevention of sleep.

31
Q

sleep recovery

A

The process of sleeping more than normally after a period of sleep deprivation, as though in compensation.

32
Q

ecological niche

A

The unique assortment of environmental opportunities and challenges to which each organism is adopted.

33
Q

isolated brain

A

An experimental preparation in which an animal’s brainstem has been separated from the spinal cord by a cut below the medulla.

34
Q

isolated forebrain

A

An experimental preparation in which an animal’s nervous system has been cut in the upper midbrain, dividing the forebrain from the brainstem.

35
Q

basal forebrain

A

A ventral region in the forebrain that has been implicated in sleep.

36
Q

tuberomammillary nucleus

A

A region of the basal hypothalamus, near the pituitary stalk, that plays a role in generating slow-wave sleep.

37
Q

general anesthetic

A

A drug that renders an individual unconscious.

38
Q

reticular formation

A

Also called reticular activating system. An extensive region of the brainstem (extending from the medulla through the thalamus) that is involved in arousal (waking).

39
Q

locus coeruleus

A

A small nucleus in the brainstem whose neurons produce norepinephrine and modulate large areas of the forebrain.

40
Q

narcolepsy

A

A disorder that involves frequent, intense episodes of sleep, which last from 5 to 30 minutes and can occur anytime during the usual waking hours.

41
Q

cataplexy

A

Sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to collapse of the body without loss of consciousness. Cataplexy is sometimes a common component of narcoleptic attacks.

42
Q

hypocretin

A

Also called orexin. A neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus that is involved in switching between sleep states, in narcolepsy, and in the control of appetite.

43
Q

sleep paralysis

A

A state, during the transition to or from sleep, in which the ability to move or talk is temporarily lost.

44
Q

sleep enuresis

A

Bed-wetting.

45
Q

somnambulism

A

Sleepwalking.

46
Q

REM behavior disorder (RBD)

A

A sleep disorder in which a person physically acts out a dream.

47
Q

sleep-onset insomnia

A

Difficulty in falling asleep.

48
Q

sleep-maintenance insomnia

A

Difficulty in staying asleep.

49
Q

sleep apnea

A

A sleep disorder in which respiration slows or stops periodically, waking the patient. Excessive daytime sleepiness results from the frequent nocturnal awakening.

50
Q

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

Also called crib death. The sudden, unexpected death of an apparently healthy human infant who simply stops breathing, usually during sleep.

51
Q

sleep state misperception

A

Commonly, a person’s perception that he has not been asleep when in fact he has. It typically occurs at the start of a sleep episode.

Physiological Psych (The Mind's Machine by Watson & Breedlove) (13 decks)

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