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Human Biology > Chapter 2- Cells make up the human body > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Cells make up the human body Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell membrane

A

the outer boundary of the cell

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2
Q

cytoplasm

A

those parts of the cell within the cell membrane, except for the nucleus; contains jelly like fluid and the organelles suspend in it.

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3
Q

organelles

A

structures suspended in cytoplasm that carry out specific functions.

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4
Q

cytosol

A

the liquid part of cytoplasm. it is 75-90% water.

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5
Q

cytoskeleton

A

internal scaffolding of protein fibres within the cytoplasm

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6
Q

inclusions

A

chemical substances occurring as granules or liquid droplets in the cytoplasm. eg haemoglobin, red pigment in red blood cells and pigment melanin in cells of the skin, hair and iris of the eye.

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7
Q

explain the difference between cilia and flagella

A

if projections are short and numerous, resembling hairs, they’re called cilia.

if they are longer and there is only two of them, they’re called flagella.

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8
Q

what cell of the human body contains flagella

A

the sperm cell; enabling the sperm to swim to the egg.

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9
Q

explain the cell requirements

A

for normal functioning, cells in the human body need to be in a stable environment that continually supplies the materials they need and removes materials they produce.

the immediate environment of a cell is the fluid that surrounds it - allows a continual exchange of materials into and out of the cells (tissue/ extracellular fluid).

body systems work together to ensure the cellular environment is kept constant - homeostasis (eg cells are maintained at a constant temperature, surrounded by fluids with a constant concentration)

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10
Q

function of the cell membrane

A

cell/plasma membrane separates the cell contents from the environment outside the cell and from neighbouring cells. it controls what enters and exits the cell.

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11
Q

nucleus

A

largest organelle and is spherical shape.

nuclear membrane separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

numerous gaps in the nuclear membrane, called nuclear pores, allow large molecules to enter and leave the nucleus.

houses DNA as chromatin or chromosomes.

inside the nucleus, the nucleolus plays a part in manufacturing proteins.

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12
Q

ribosomes

A

very small and spherical.

joins amino acids with other amino acids to form proteins.

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13
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

pairs of parallel membranes extend through the cytoplasm from the cell membrane to the nuclear membrane.

the surface of the ER provides a place for chemical reactions to take place and the channels store and transport molecules.

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14
Q

Golgi body

A

a series of flattened membranes stacked one upon the other.

modifies proteins and packages them for secretion from the cell. (at the edge of the membranes of the Golgi body, small sacs, called vesicles, are formed.

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15
Q

lysosomes

A

small spheres bound by a membrane, formed from the Golgi body.

contain digestive enzymes which can break down large molecules and worn out organelles.

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16
Q

mitochondria

A

spherical, sausage shaped structure that are spread throughout the cytoplasm.

each has a double membrane.

some chemical reactions of cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria - making energy available for the cells activities.

the folding of the inner membrane produces a large surface area on which these chemical reactions can take place.

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17
Q

microtubules

A

hollow rods that keep organelles in place or move them around the cell.

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18
Q

microfilaments

A

move materials around the cytoplasm or move the whole cell.

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19
Q

in reference to the fluid mosaic model, explain what it means by the terms ‘fluid’ and ‘mosaic’

A

fluid - the molecules making up the cell membrane are constantly changing position

mosaic - the cell membrane is made up of many different kinds of molecules

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20
Q

what is the bilayer composed of?

A

phospholipid molecules, arranged into two layers.

each phospholipid molecule has a head that is hydrophilic (water-loving) and a tail that is hydrophobic (water-hating)

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21
Q

what is embedded in the phospholipid bilayer?

A

cholesterol and protein molecules.

these are important for the integrity and stability of the membrane.

22
Q

4 functions of the cell membrane

A

a physical barrier
- separates the cell cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid

regulates the passage of materials
- controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell

sensitive to changes
- first part of the cell affected by any changes in the extracellular fluid

supports the cell
- internal part of the cell membrane is attached to the microfilaments of the cells cytoskeleton

23
Q

transport across the cell membrane, include passive and active processes

A

the cell membrane allows certain ions and molecules to pass through, but not others.

passive processes - require no energy
active processes - require the cells energy in the form of ATP

24
Q

the three basic processes that result in transport of materials into and out of the cell

A
  • simple diffusion
  • facilitated transport
  • vesicular transport
25
Q

simple diffusion

A

diffusion is the spreading out of particles so they’re evenly distributed over the space available.

the greater the concentration gradient the faster the rate of diffusion.

26
Q

define net diffusion

A

the movement of gas molecules from places of higher concentration to places of lower concentration, along a concentration gradient.

27
Q

osmosis

A

a special type of diffusion - diffusion of a solvent through a differentially permeable membrane in order to balance the concentration of a solute.

as water is the most important solute in the human body, osmosis can be considered the diffusion of water across a differentially permeable membrane.

28
Q

facilitated transport

A

in facilitated transport, proteins in the cell membrane allow molecules to be transported across the membrane.

these proteins are channel proteins, which form protein channels, and carrier proteins, which allow carrier-mediated transport.

29
Q

channel proteins

A

allow the diffusion of water-soluble molecules across the cell membrane

water and ions can easily fit through, but larger molecules are too big

30
Q

carrier proteins

A

are only open on one side of the membrane at a time

when the specific substance binds to the binding site within the carrier protein, the carrier protein changes shape and opens on the other side, releasing the substance on the side opposite to where it entered.

31
Q

important characteristics of carrier-mediated transport

A
  • carrier proteins are specific
  • carriers can become saturated
  • carrier activity is regulated by substances such as hormones
32
Q

two main types of carrier-mediated transport

A

facilitated diffusion - when a substance is passively transported through a protein along the concentration gradient.

active transport - requires ATP because substances are transported across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient.

33
Q

vesicular transport

A

the movement of substances across the cell membrane in membranous sacs called vesicles.

34
Q

what are the two types of vesicular transport

A

endocytosis - taking liquids (pinocytosis) and solids (phagocytosis) into the cell via vesicular transport

exocytosis - when the contents of a vesicles inside the cell are passed to the outside

35
Q

list three substances transported in simple diffusion

A

water, oxygen and carbon dioxide

36
Q

list two substances transported in passive facilitated diffusion

A

glucose, amino acids

37
Q

list three substances transported in active facilitated diffusion

A

certain ions, glucose and amino acids

38
Q

list three substances transported in endocytosis (vesicular transport)

A

cholesterol, iron ions and micro-organisms

39
Q

list two substances transported in exocytosis (vesicular transport)

A

secretions, such as mucus or digestive enzymes

40
Q

explain the movement within the cell

A
  • molecules and ions will shift via diffusion
  • the endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins the cell has made
  • the microtubules act like railway tracks and guide organelles or molecules to particular places within the cell
41
Q

four types of tissues in the body

A

epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous

42
Q

epithelial tissue

A

a covering or lining. the outer layer of the skin.

the heart, kidneys, intestines, liver and lungs are covered with epithelium.

lines the inside of hollow organs including the heart, stomach, intestines and other hollow organs.

43
Q

connective tissue

A

provides support for the body and helps to hold all body parts together.

cells are separated by matrix.

includes bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments and adipose tissue. blood is often classified as connective tissue.

44
Q

muscular tissue

A

the cells of muscular tissue are long, thin and contract to become shorter.

3 types are skeletal, smooth and cardiac.

45
Q

skeletal muscle

A

attached to the bone

46
Q

smooth muscle

A

found in the walls of the stomach and intestines (entire alimentary canal)

47
Q

cardiac muscle

A

makes up most of the heart

48
Q

nervous tissue

A

made up of neurons (specialised nerve cells)

have long projections from the body pot the cell.

when parts of neuron is stimulated, messages can be carried along these projections from one part of the body to another.

they’re found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves

49
Q

isotonic solution

A

same osmotic pressure

no net movement of water

50
Q

hypertonic

A

solution has higher osmotic pressure
net movement of h2O out of cell
cell shrinks

51
Q

hypotonic

A

RBC has higher osmotic pressure

RBC will swell

Human Biology (14 decks)

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