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Cliffs AP Bio > Chapter 2 Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell

A

basic functional unit of living things

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2
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Bounds the cell and encloses the nucleus and the cytoplasm

  • Separates internal metabolic events from the external environment.
  • controls movement of materials in and out of the cell
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3
Q

Ctoplasm

A

consists of specialized bodies called organelles which is suspended in the cytosol

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4
Q

Cytosol

A

Consists of water and dissolved substances such as proteins and nutrients

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5
Q

Lipid bilayer

A

Double phospholipid membrane with polar hydrophilic heads forming the outer faces and the nonpolar hydrophobic tails pointing toward the inside of the membrane

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6
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

proteins that attach loosely to the inner or outer surface of the membrane

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7
Q

Integral proteins

A

Proteins that extend into the membrane

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8
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

Integral proteins that expand through the membrane

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9
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Scattered proteins within a flexible matrix of phospholipid molecules

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10
Q

Phospholipid membrane

A

Selectively permeable that only small uncharged, polar molecules and hydrophobic molecules can pass across membrane
-large polar molecules, charged species such as ions are impermeable

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11
Q

Channel Proteins

A

Provide open passageway though the membrane for hydrophilic substances (polar and charged species)

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12
Q

Ion channels

A

allow passage of ions across the membrane

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13
Q

Porins

A

Proteins that allow passage of CERTAIN ions through membranes

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14
Q

Carrier protein

A

Bind to specific molecules, which is transferred to the other side of the membrane
-Doesn’t use energy, relies on conformational change!

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15
Q

Transport protein

A

Use ENERGY ATP to transport materials across the membrane

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16
Q

Active transport

A

When energy is used to transport molecules

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17
Q

Recognition proteins

A

Give cell an identification which provides distinction between cell types
-Glycoproteins - have a short polysaccharide chain

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18
Q

Adhesion proteins

A

attaches cells to neighboring cells

provides anchors for the internal filaments which gives stability to the cell

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19
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

provide binding sites for hormones or trigger molecules

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20
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Carbohydrate coat that covers the outer face of the cell wall for SOME bacteria and the plasma membrane of animal cells

Consist of oligosaccarides that are attached to membrane phospholipids and proteins

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21
Q

Organelles

A

Bodies within the cytoplasm that separate the various metabolic reactions that occur within a cell

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22
Q

Chromatin

A

When DNA is spread out like a threadlike matirx

23
Q

Chromosomes

A

When cell begins to divide, chromatin condenses into rod-shaped bodies

24
Q

Nucleosomes

A

bead and string. Organize DNA by wrapping it around histones (proteins)

25
Q

Nucleoli

A

Visible within the nucleus

Make ribosomes

26
Q

Ribosome

A

Subunits are made in the nucleus
-consists of RNA and proteins

2 Subunits- 60s and 40s which move across the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm which they are assembled into 80s ribosome

Purpose: assists with the assembly of amino acids into proteins

27
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Flattened sacs and makes various materials

28
Q

Rough ER

A

Ribosomes are present

creates glycoproteins by attaching polysaccharide groups to polyppetides

29
Q

Smooth ER

A

Does not have ribosomes

Purpose: synthesis of lipids, hormones
in liver cells- break down of toxics, drugs, and toxic by products

30
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

modify and package proteins and lipids into vesicles

31
Q

Lysosomes

A

Vesicles from golgi apparatus that has digestive enxymes

Purpose: break down food, cellular debris, and foreign invaders like bacteria

Has a low pH inside which is favorable to enzymes. This ensures that when an enzymes in a lysosome accidentally escapes, it will be inactive in the cytosol because it is only active in low pH

32
Q

Perioxisomes

A

Break down hydrogen peroxide, fatty acids, and amino acids.

Commonly found in the liver and kidneys where they break down toxic substances

33
Q

Mitochondria

A

Carry out aerobic respiration, where energy is obtained through carbohydrates

34
Q

Chloroplast

A

Carry out photosynthesis

Encorporates energy from sunlight t make carbohydrates

35
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Internal structure of the cytoplasm

Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments are 3 protein fivers that are located in cytoskeleton

36
Q

Microtubules

A

Made up of TUBULIN
Provide support and motility
-also found in spindle apparatus

37
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Provide support for maintaining the shape of the cell

38
Q

Microfilaments

A

Made of ACTIN
Involved with cell motility
ex. phagocytes

39
Q

Flagella and cilia

A

Flagella: long few and move in snake like motion. (sperm)
Cilia: short and move with a back and forth movement (line respiratory tract and sweep away debris

Has a 9+2 arrangement nine pairs of doubles
Also has a basal body at the end

40
Q

Centrioles and basal bodies

A

act as microtubule organizing centers

made up of 9 triplets of microtubules.

PLANTS LACK CENTRIOLES
only lower plants such as mosses and ferns have flagella and basal bodies

41
Q

Food vacuoles

A

Temporary store nutrients

usually merge with lysosomes to break down food

42
Q

Transport vessicles

A

move materials between organelles or to plasma membrane

43
Q

Storage vacuoles

A

IN PLANTS

store starch, pigments, and toxic substances

44
Q

Central vacuoles

A

Large bodies occupying the interior of plant cells

45
Q

Turgor

A

When central vacuoles are fully filled and exert pressure on the cell walls
-this maintains the rigidity of the cell

Function: Store nutrients and act as lysosomes for plant cells

46
Q

Contractile Vacuoles

A

Organelles in SINGLE CELLED ORGANISM that collects and pump excess water out of the cell

47
Q

Cell Walls

A

Found: plants, fungi, protists, bacteria

Develop outside the plasma membrane and provide support for the cell

48
Q

Cellular Junctions

A

Anchor cells to one another or provide passageway for cellular exchange

49
Q

Anchoring junctions

A

Protein attachments between adjacent animal cells ex. desmosomes.
Bind to adjacent cells which provides mechanical stability to tissues

50
Q

Tight junctions

A

Tightly stitched seams between animal cells

This makes a seal which prevents passage of materials between cells.

Commonly found in the digestive tract. Materials are required to pass through cells and not intercellular spaces in order to go into the blood stream

51
Q

Communicating junctions

A

Passageways between cells that allow transfer of chemical or electrical signals. Has 2 types: Gap junctions and Plasmodesmata.

52
Q

Gap junctions

A

Narrow tunnels between animal cells that consists of proteins called CONNEXINS (CONNECT!!!)

This prevents cytoplasms from mixing but allows the passage of ions and small molecules

Allow communication between cells through the exchange of materials or through the transmission of electrical impulses.

53
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Narrow channels between plant cells

Cliffs AP Bio (6 decks)

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