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Cliffs AP Bio > Chapter 10 Plants > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Alternation of generation

A

Life cycle of a plant.

  • One generation is GAMEOTOPHYTE (all cells are haploid (n))
  • Next generation is SPOROPHYTE (cells are diploid (2n))
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1
Q

Plants are defined as ______, ______,________.

A

Multicelled, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs

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2
Q

When did plants evolve from aquatic green algae?

A

500 million years ago. Colonized land during the paleozoic era.
adaptation to dry environments

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3
Q

Bryophytes

A

Plants with no xylem and phloem, absorb water by diffusion from air

  • non vascular plants
    ex. mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Restricted to moist habitats and are tiny. Ex. sphagnum or peat moss

  • use flagellated sperm to swim through water to fertilize egg
  • no liginin tissue to support a tall plant
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4
Q

Tracheophytes

A

Plants with xylem and phloem

  • has seedless plants (ferns which reproduce by spores)
  • and has seed plants such as gymnosperms and angiosperms
  • do not require watery environment for fertilization since the sperm of speed plants have no flagella

Other characteristics

  • lignified transport vessels to support plants
  • roots absorb water while anchoring for support
  • leaves increase photosynthetic surface
  • life cycle with a dominate sporophyte generation
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5
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Cone bearing
first seed plants to appear
ex. cedars, sequoias, redwoods, pines, yews, and junipers

exposed on modified leaves that form cones which are better adapted from a dry environment
-depend on wind for pollination

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6
Q

Angiosperms

A

Also referred as Anthophyta which are flowering plants

  • most diverse plant species
    ex. roses, daisies, apples, and lemons
  • Monocotyledons such as corn, wheat, rye, and oats (monocots)
  • Dicotyledon such as peanuts (dicots)

After pollination and fertilization, the ovary becomes the fruit and the ovule becomes the seed
-fruit protects the dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal

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7
Q

Ferns

A

Seedless tracheophytes

  • reproduce by spores instead of seeds
  • they are homosporous (only produce one type of spore which develops into a bisexual gametophyte)
  • they have transport tissues are are tall, they are still restricted to moist habitats because their sperm must swim from the antheridium to the archegonium to fertilize the egg
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8
Q

Homosporous

A

only produce one type of spore which develops into a bisexual gametophyte

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9
Q

Heterosporous

A

Produce 2 types of spores- megaspores and microspores

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10
Q

Megaspores

A

Develop into the female gametophyte

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11
Q

Microspores

A

develop into the male gametophyte

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12
Q

Sporopollenin

A

tough polymer resistant to all kinds of environmental damage and protects plants in a harsh terrestrial environment.
-found in walls of spres and pollen

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13
Q

Gametangia

A

Protective jacket of cells that are found in gametes and zygotes that prevents drying out

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14
Q

Stomates

A

open to exchange photosynthetic gases and close to minimize excessive water loss

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15
Q

What are plants means of dispersing offspring?

A

Through seeds and pollen

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16
Q

Meristem

A

tissue in plants that continually divides and generates new cells

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17
Q

Primary growth

A

Elongation of the plant down the into the soil and up into the air

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18
Q

Apical meristem

A

is located at the tips of the roots and the buds of the shoot which is a source of primary growth

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19
Q

Lateral meristem

A

source of secondary growth

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20
Q

Secondary growth

A

increase in girth

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21
Q

What type of growth is seen in herbaceous (nonwoody) plants?

A

Primary growth

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22
Q

What type of growth is found in woody plants?

A

Secondary growth is responsible for the gradual thickening of the roots and shoots formed from early primary growth

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23
Q

What are the three different types of plant tissues?

A

Dermal tissue, vascular tissue, ground tissue

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24
Q

Dermal tissue

A

covers and protects the plants

it includes epidermis and modified like guard cells, root hairs, and cells that produce a waxy cuticle

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25
Q

Vascular tissue

A

consists of xylem and phloem

-transport water and nutrients around the plant

26
Q

Xylem

A

water and mineral conducting tissue

  • consists of elongated cells - tracheids and vessel elements
  • usually dead at functional maturity
27
Q

Tracheids

A 
long, thin cells that overlap and are tapered at the ends
function to support the plant as well as to transport nutrients and water

seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms have only tracheids

28
Q

Vessel elements

A

wider, shorter, thinner walled and less tapered than tracheids
Perforated to allow free flow through the vessel tubes

Most angiosperm have both tracheids and vessel members

29
Q

Phloem

A

carries sugars from the photosynthetic leaves to the rest of the plant by active transport
consists of sieve tube members which contain sieve plates that facilitat the flow of fluid from one cell to the next
-alive at maturity unlike xylem but lack nuclei, ribosomes, and vacuoles

30
Q

Ground tissue

A

the most common tissues for plants

  • functions as support, storage and photosynthesis
  • has 3 cell types PARENCHYMA, COLLENCHYMA, SCLERENCHYMA
32
Q

Parenchymal cells

A

look like classic plant cells

  • have primary cell walls that are thin and flexible
  • lack secondary cell walls

the protoplasm contains one large vacuole and carries out the metabolic functions

when turgid and swollen with water they give support and shape to the plant.
-retain their ability to divide and differenciate into other cell types after an injury

33
Q

Collenchymal cells

A

have uneven thick primary cell walls
lack secondary walls

-function: supports the growing stem

34
Q

Sclernchymal cells

A

have thick primary and secodary cell walls with lignin
-function to support the plant

they have 2 forms of cells such as fibers and scleriods.

35
Q

What are the three function of roots?

A

absorb nutrients, anchor the plant, store food

36
Q

Epidermis

A

covers the entire surface of the root and is used for absorption.

-Root hairs increased absorptive surface area

37
Q

Cortex

A

consists of parenchymal cells which contain PLASTIDS for the storage of starch and other organic substances

38
Q

Stele

A

also known as the vascular cylinder consists of vascular tissues (xylem and phloem).
the vascular tissues are surrounded by one or more layers called the pericycle where lateral roots arise

39
Q

Endoderm

A

Vascular cylinder is surrounded by a tightly packed layer of cells called the endodermis

each endoderm cell is wrapped with the CASPARIAN STRIP- a waxy material that is impervious to water and dissolved minerals

function: to select what minerals enter the vascular cylinder and the body of the plant

40
Q

Apical meristem

A

located at the tips and roots which provides PRIMARY GROWTH

41
Q

3 Different stages of primary growth

A

Zone of cell division (apical meristem), zone of elongation, and zone of differentiation

42
Q

Root cap

A

The root tip is protected by a root cap

secretes substance that digests the soil as the root tip grows

43
Q

Zone of cell division

A

consists of meristem cells

are actively dividing and make new cells that grow down into the soil

44
Q

Zone of elongation

A

cells elongate and are responsible for pushing the root cap deeper into the soil

45
Q

zone of differentiation

A

Undergo specialization into three primary meristems that give rise to 3 tissue systems : protodern, ground meristem, procambium

46
Q

Protoderm

A

becomes the epidermis

47
Q

Ground meristem

A

becomes the cortex

48
Q

procambium

A

becomes the primary xylem and phloem

49
Q

Taproot

A

large root that has lateral branch roots

in dicots they primarily have taproots.

50
Q

Fibrous root system

A

Common in monocots ex. grasses

51
Q

Adventitious roots

A

roots that rise above the ground

52
Q

Aerial roots

A

roots that stick up out of the water to serve to aerate root cells

ex. trees that grow in swamps or salt marshes and mangrooves

53
Q

Prop roots

A

roots that grow above ground out from the base of the stem to support the plant

ex. tall plants like corn

54
Q

Vascular bundles

A

contains xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside and meristem inbetween

55
Q

Lateral meristem

A

responsible for secondary growth.

replaces the epidermis with a secondary dermal tissue such as bark

a secondary lateral meristem adds layers of vascular tissue

56
Q

Guard cells

A

modified epidermal cells that contain chloroplasts and control the openings of stomates

when cells become turgid they make stomate open
when cells lose water and become flaccid the stomata closes

57
Q

Palisade and spongy mesophyll cells

A

function for photosynthesis

58
Q

Vascular bundles (veins)

A

located in mesophyll
carry water and nutrients from the soil to the leaces
carry sugar (from photosynthesis) from leaves to plants

59
Q

Transport of xylem

A

requires no energy

-fluid is pushed up by root pressure or pulled up by transpirational pull

60
Q

Transpiration

A

evaporation of water from leaves causes tension (negative pressure) in the xylem from the roots to the leaces

61
Q

Transpirational pull-cohesion tension theory

A

for each molecule of water that evaporates from a leaf by transcription, another molecule of water is drawn into the root to replace it

62
Q

Factors that affect the rate of transpiration

A
  • High humidity (slows down) low humidity (speeds up)
  • Wind reduce humidity (increase)
  • Increased light, increases photosynthesis , increases the amount of water transpires
  • closing stomates STOPS TRANSPIRTAION
63
Q

Vegetative propogation

A

root, stem or leaf produces a new genetically identical plant

Cliffs AP Bio (6 decks)

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