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Bio. Sci 2: General Zoology > Chapter 2: Cell Structures and Functions > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Cell Structures and Functions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 vital functions of an animal cell?

A
  1. Protection & Support
  2. Movement
  3. Communication
  4. Metabolism & Energy release
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2
Q

Who first observed and coined the term “cell”?

A

Robert Hooke

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3
Q

Published book by R. Hooke

A

Micrographia (1665)

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4
Q

More on microorganisms, protozoa, and sperm; supported the idea of Robert Hooke

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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5
Q

Proposed the unified cell theory

A

Theodor Schwann (Zoologist) & Matthias Schleiden (Botanist

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6
Q

Unified Cell Theory:

A
  1. Cells are the basic unit of life.
  2. All living things are composed of one or more cells.
  3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division
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7
Q

Who supported the 3rd statement of the unified cell theory?

A

Rudolf Virchow

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8
Q

Fluid; semi or selectively permeable

A

Cell membrane or plasma membrane

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9
Q

Regulates what comes in and out of the cell; studded with proteins

A

Cell membrane or plasma membrane

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10
Q

Phospholipid bilayer consists of?

A
  • Hydrophilic polar head
  • Hydrophobic fatty acids tail
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11
Q

Transport mechanism:

A
  • Active transport
  • Passive transport
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12
Q

Differentiate active and passive transport:

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- requires cell’s energy
- moves against against CG
- Small molecules (ions)

PASSIVE TRANSPORT
- naturally occurring; does not require energy
- larger molecules
- moves along the CG

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13
Q

Readily available energy

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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14
Q

Long storage (energy)

A

Glycogen

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15
Q

Longer storage (energy)

A

Triglyceride

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16
Q

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration until it is equal across the space (solvent and solute move)

A

Diffusion

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17
Q

Materials diffuse across the plasma membrane with the help of membrane proteins.

A

Facilitated transport

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18
Q

Movement of water through a
semipermeable membrane according to
the concentration gradient of water
across the membrane, which is inversely
proportional to the concentration of
solutes.

A

Osmosis

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19
Q

Other factors that affect particle movement

A
  • Tonicity
  • Osmolarity
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20
Q

describes how an
extracellular solution can
change the volume of a
cell by affecting osmosis

A

Tonicity

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21
Q

describes the total solute
concentration of the solution

A

Osmolarity

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22
Q

Types of Solutions on which cells are exposed:

A
  • Hypotonic
  • Hypertonic
  • Isotonic
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23
Q

ECF has lower osmolarity than the cytoplasm; cell swells

A

Hypotonic

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24
Q

ECF has higher osmolarity than the cytoplasm; cell shrinks

A

Hypertonic

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25
ECF has the same osmolarity as the cell cytoplasm
Isotonic
26
semi-fluid/gelatinous matrix that houses other organelles
Cytoplasm
27
Foundation of cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
28
Fluid part of cytoplasm
Cytosol
29
- ”energy factories” - ATP synthesis (cellular respiration) - cristae – folds - matrix and membranes
Mitochondrion
30
- site for protein synthesis - ”tiny dots” in cytoplasm - attach to ER, NE, etc.
Ribosomes
31
Endomembrane system:
- Smooth ER - Rough ER - Golgi apparatus
32
- system of internal membrane - manufacture carbohydrates and lipids - calcium-ion storage and drug detoxification
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
33
- studded with ribosomes - carry out protein synthesis - ”intracellular highway”
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
34
- collects, packages, and distributes molecules that are being manufactured inside the cell
Golgi Apparatus/ Body/Complex
35
- membrane-bound sacs - for transport and storage
Vesicles and Vacuoles
36
- ”organelle recycling facility” - hydrolytic enzymes to destroy pathogens - phagocytosis & exocytosis
Lysosomes
37
- small, round, membrane-bound - carry out oxidation reaction for detoxification - hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) storage - Safely break down into O2 and H2O
Peroxisomes
38
- support and cell shape for cell motion - network of protein fibers
Cytoskeleton
39
Cytoskeleton fibers:
1. Microfilament 2. Intermediate filament 3. Microtubules
40
Cytoskeleton fiber for cellular movement
Microfilament
41
Mainly structural cytoskeleton fiber
Intermediate filament
42
Cytoskeleton fiber to resist compression
Microtubules
43
- ”microtubule organizing center” - contains a pair of centrioles - pulling the duplicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the dividing cell
Centrosomes
44
- long, hair-like structures that extend from the plasma membrane: move an entire cell
Flagella
45
- short, hair-like structures that are used to move entire cells or substances along the outer surface of the cell
Cilia
46
- plant cell organelles that carry out photosynthesis
Chloroplast
47
Components of chloroplast:
1. thylakoids stack - granum 2. fluid - stroma 3. Chlorophyll
48
- rigid covering that protects, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell
Cell wall
49
Information center
Nucleus (DNA = instructions)
50
Semi-fluid region inside nucleus
Nucleoplasm
51
Condensed region
Nucleolus
52
- compartments/ containers in mammalian cells - may serve as a “genome defense system” - how the early nucleus formed
Exclusome (2023)
53
- unicellular algae Braarudosphaera bigelowii - ”nitrogen-fixing organelle”
Nitroplast (2020)
54
series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells
The Cell Cycle
55
2 major phases of the cell cycle:
1. Interphase 2. Mitotic phase
56
cell grows and DNA is replicated
Interphase
57
replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are separated, and the cell divides
Mitotic phase
58
Every cell except sex cells
Somatic cells
59
3 parts of interphase:
1. G1 phase 2. S phase 3. G2 phase
60
- cells’ active at the biochemical level\
G1 Phase (First Gap)
61
- accumulating the building blocks of chromosomal DNA and associated proteins
G1 Phase (First Gap)
62
- accumulating sufficient energy reserves to complete the tasks of replicating each chromosome in the nucleus
G1 Phase (First Gap)
63
- DNA replication proceeds in the formation of identical pairs of DNA molecules—sister chromatids - Duplicated centrosomes
S Phase (Synthesis of DNA)
64
orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis
Mitotic spindle (two centrosomes)
65
- cell replenishes its energy stores and synthesizes proteins necessary for chromosome manipulation - Some cell organelles are duplicated - cytoskeleton- dismantled to provide resources for the mitotic phase
G2 Phase (Second Gap)
66
multi-step process during which the duplicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and move into two new, identical daughter cells
The Mitotic Phase
67
2 parts of the mitotic phase
1. Karyokinesis/Mitosis 2. Cytokinesis
68
PPMAT; resulting in the division of the cell nucleus
Karyokinesis/Mitosis
69
- “cell motion” - physical separation of the cytoplasmic components into the two daughter cells
Cytokinesis
70
- Cells are not actively preparing to divide - quiescent (inactive) stage that occurs when cells exit the cell cycle
G0 Phase
71
Examples of cells that stay in the G0 phase:
- mature cardiac muscle and nerve cells
72
Haploid cells that are part of the sexual reproductive cycle are produced by this type of cell division
Meiosis
73
both forms of division of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells
Mitosis and meiosis
74
Differentiate mitosis and meiosis:
MITOSIS - Division: Single - Type of cells: Somatic cells - Ploidy: Diploid (two sets of chromosomes) - Outcome: 2 daughter cells MEIOSIS - Division: Double - Type of cells: Sex cells - Ploidy: Haploid - one set of chromosomes - Outcome: 4 haploid cells
75
Types of cells:
- Prokaryote (bacterium) - Eukaryote (animal and plant cells)
76
- simple, mostly single-celled (unicellular) organisms - lacks a nucleus; or any other membrane-bound organelles - DNA is found in a central part of the cell called the nucleoid
Prokaryote
77
General Structure of a Prokaryote
peptidoglycan cell wall and many have a polysaccharide capsule * flagella - locomotion * pili - material exchange * fimbriae - attachment
78
- membrane-bound nucleus - numerous membrane- bound organelles - “true nucleus”
Eukaryotic cells
79
LUCA
Last Universal Common Ancestor
80
This phylogenetic tree was constructed by who using data obtained from sequencing ribosomal RNA genes?
Carl Woese
81
three domains:
- Bacteria, - Archaea - Eukarya

Bio. Sci 2: General Zoology (4 decks)

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