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Bio. Sci 2: General Zoology > Chapter 2: Cell Structures and Functions > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Cell Structures and Functions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 vital functions of an animal cell?

A
  1. Protection & Support
  2. Movement
  3. Communication
  4. Metabolism & Energy release
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2
Q

Who first observed and coined the term “cell”?

A

Robert Hooke

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3
Q

Published book by R. Hooke

A

Micrographia (1665)

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4
Q

More on microorganisms, protozoa, and sperm; supported the idea of Robert Hooke

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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5
Q

Proposed the unified cell theory

A

Theodor Schwann (Zoologist) & Matthias Schleiden (Botanist

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6
Q

Unified Cell Theory:

A
  1. Cells are the basic unit of life.
  2. All living things are composed of one or more cells.
  3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division
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7
Q

Who supported the 3rd statement of the unified cell theory?

A

Rudolf Virchow

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8
Q

Fluid; semi or selectively permeable

A

Cell membrane or plasma membrane

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9
Q

Regulates what comes in and out of the cell; studded with proteins

A

Cell membrane or plasma membrane

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10
Q

Phospholipid bilayer consists of?

A
  • Hydrophilic polar head
  • Hydrophobic fatty acids tail
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11
Q

Transport mechanism:

A
  • Active transport
  • Passive transport
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12
Q

Differentiate active and passive transport:

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- requires cell’s energy
- moves against against CG
- Small molecules (ions)

PASSIVE TRANSPORT
- naturally occurring; does not require energy
- larger molecules
- moves along the CG

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13
Q

Readily available energy

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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14
Q

Long storage (energy)

A

Glycogen

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15
Q

Longer storage (energy)

A

Triglyceride

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16
Q

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration until it is equal across the space (solvent and solute move)

A

Diffusion

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17
Q

Materials diffuse across the plasma membrane with the help of membrane proteins.

A

Facilitated transport

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18
Q

Movement of water through a
semipermeable membrane according to
the concentration gradient of water
across the membrane, which is inversely
proportional to the concentration of
solutes.

A

Osmosis

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19
Q

Other factors that affect particle movement

A
  • Tonicity
  • Osmolarity
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20
Q

describes how an
extracellular solution can
change the volume of a
cell by affecting osmosis

A

Tonicity

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21
Q

describes the total solute
concentration of the solution

A

Osmolarity

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22
Q

Types of Solutions on which cells are exposed:

A
  • Hypotonic
  • Hypertonic
  • Isotonic
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23
Q

ECF has lower osmolarity than the cytoplasm; cell swells

A

Hypotonic

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24
Q

ECF has higher osmolarity than the cytoplasm; cell shrinks

A

Hypertonic

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25
Q

ECF has the same osmolarity as the cell
cytoplasm

A

Isotonic

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26
Q

semi-fluid/gelatinous
matrix that houses other
organelles

A

Cytoplasm

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27
Q

Foundation of cytoplasm

A

Cytoskeleton

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28
Q

Fluid part of cytoplasm

A

Cytosol

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29
Q
  • ”energy factories”
  • ATP synthesis (cellular
    respiration)
  • cristae – folds
  • matrix and membranes
A

Mitochondrion

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30
Q
  • site for protein synthesis
  • ”tiny dots” in cytoplasm
  • attach to ER, NE, etc.
A

Ribosomes

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31
Q

Endomembrane system:

A
  • Smooth ER
  • Rough ER
  • Golgi apparatus
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32
Q
  • system of internal
    membrane
  • manufacture
    carbohydrates and lipids
  • calcium-ion storage and
    drug detoxification
A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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33
Q
  • studded with ribosomes
  • carry out protein
    synthesis
  • ”intracellular highway”
A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

34
Q
  • collects, packages, and
    distributes molecules that are being manufactured
    inside the cell
A

Golgi Apparatus/
Body/Complex

35
Q
  • membrane-bound sacs
  • for transport and storage
A

Vesicles and Vacuoles

36
Q
  • ”organelle recycling
    facility”
  • hydrolytic enzymes to
    destroy pathogens
  • phagocytosis & exocytosis
A

Lysosomes

37
Q
  • small, round, membrane-bound
  • carry out oxidation
    reaction for detoxification
  • hydrogen peroxide
    (H2O2) storage
  • Safely break down into
    O2 and H2O
A

Peroxisomes

38
Q
  • support and cell shape
    for cell motion
  • network of protein fibers
A

Cytoskeleton

39
Q

Cytoskeleton fibers:

A
  1. Microfilament
  2. Intermediate filament
  3. Microtubules
40
Q

Cytoskeleton fiber for cellular movement

A

Microfilament

41
Q

Mainly structural cytoskeleton fiber

A

Intermediate filament

42
Q

Cytoskeleton fiber to resist compression

A

Microtubules

43
Q
  • ”microtubule organizing
    center”
  • contains a pair of
    centrioles
  • pulling the duplicated
    chromosomes to opposite ends of the dividing cell
A

Centrosomes

44
Q
  • long, hair-like structures
    that extend from the
    plasma membrane: move
    an entire cell
A

Flagella

45
Q
  • short, hair-like structures
    that are used to move
    entire cells or substances
    along the outer surface of
    the cell
A

Cilia

46
Q
  • plant cell organelles that
    carry out photosynthesis
A

Chloroplast

47
Q

Components of chloroplast:

A
  1. thylakoids stack - granum
  2. fluid - stroma
  3. Chlorophyll
48
Q
  • rigid covering that
    protects, provides
    structural support, and
    gives shape to the cell
A

Cell wall

49
Q

Information center

A

Nucleus (DNA = instructions)

50
Q

Semi-fluid region inside nucleus

A

Nucleoplasm

51
Q

Condensed region

A

Nucleolus

52
Q
  • compartments/
    containers in mammalian
    cells
  • may serve as a “genome defense system”
  • how the early nucleus formed
A

Exclusome (2023)

53
Q
  • unicellular algae Braarudosphaera bigelowii
  • ”nitrogen-fixing organelle”
A

Nitroplast (2020)

54
Q

series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces
two new daughter cells

A

The Cell Cycle

55
Q

2 major phases of the cell cycle:

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Mitotic phase
56
Q

cell grows and
DNA is replicated

A

Interphase

57
Q

replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are separated, and the cell divides

A

Mitotic phase

58
Q

Every cell except sex cells

A

Somatic cells

59
Q

3 parts of interphase:

A
  1. G1 phase
  2. S phase
  3. G2 phase
60
Q
  • cells’ active at the biochemical level\
A

G1 Phase (First Gap)

61
Q
  • accumulating the building blocks
    of chromosomal DNA and associated proteins
A

G1 Phase (First Gap)

62
Q
  • accumulating sufficient energy reserves to complete
    the tasks of replicating each chromosome in the
    nucleus
A

G1 Phase (First Gap)

63
Q
  • DNA replication proceeds in the
    formation of identical pairs of
    DNA molecules—sister chromatids
  • Duplicated centrosomes
A

S Phase (Synthesis of DNA)

64
Q

orchestrates the
movement of chromosomes during mitosis

A

Mitotic spindle (two centrosomes)

65
Q
  • cell replenishes its energy stores
    and synthesizes proteins necessary
    for chromosome manipulation
  • Some cell organelles are duplicated
  • cytoskeleton- dismantled to provide resources for the
    mitotic phase
A

G2 Phase (Second Gap)

66
Q

multi-step process during which the duplicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and move into
two new, identical daughter cells

A

The Mitotic Phase

67
Q

2 parts of the mitotic phase

A
  1. Karyokinesis/Mitosis
  2. Cytokinesis
68
Q

PPMAT; resulting in the division
of the cell nucleus

A

Karyokinesis/Mitosis

69
Q
  • “cell motion”
  • physical separation of the
    cytoplasmic components
    into the two daughter
    cells
A

Cytokinesis

70
Q
  • Cells are not actively preparing to divide
  • quiescent (inactive) stage that occurs when cells exit
    the cell cycle
A

G0 Phase

71
Q

Examples of cells that stay in the G0 phase:

A
  • mature
    cardiac muscle and nerve cells
72
Q

Haploid cells that are part of the sexual reproductive cycle are produced by this
type of cell division

A

Meiosis

73
Q

both forms of division of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells

A

Mitosis and meiosis

74
Q

Differentiate mitosis and meiosis:

A

MITOSIS
- Division: Single
- Type of cells: Somatic cells
- Ploidy: Diploid (two sets of chromosomes)
- Outcome: 2 daughter cells

MEIOSIS
- Division: Double
- Type of cells: Sex cells
- Ploidy: Haploid - one set of chromosomes
- Outcome: 4 haploid cells

75
Q

Types of cells:

A
  • Prokaryote (bacterium)
  • Eukaryote (animal and plant cells)
76
Q
  • simple, mostly single-celled (unicellular) organisms
  • lacks a nucleus; or any other membrane-bound
    organelles
  • DNA is found in a central part of the cell called
    the nucleoid
A

Prokaryote

77
Q

General Structure of a Prokaryote

A

peptidoglycan cell wall
and many have a
polysaccharide capsule
* flagella - locomotion
* pili - material exchange
* fimbriae - attachment

78
Q
  • membrane-bound
    nucleus
  • numerous membrane-
    bound organelles
  • “true nucleus”
A

Eukaryotic cells

79
Q

LUCA

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor

80
Q

This phylogenetic tree was constructed by who using data obtained
from sequencing ribosomal RNA
genes?

A

Carl Woese

81
Q

three domains:

A
  • Bacteria,
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya

Bio. Sci 2: General Zoology (4 decks)

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