Chapter 1: The Nature and Scope of Animal Life Flashcards
study the animal kingdom: structure, embryology, physiology, evolution, classification, behavior, and distribution of all animals
Zoology
the study of both living and extinct animals; how they interact with their ecosystem
Zoology
the scientific study of animals (scientific biology)
Zoology
where did “zoology” come from?
the Greek words zoion = animal; and logos = study
the study of internal structure of animals
Anatomy
the relationship between the organisms and their surrounding environments
Ecology
the study of heredity and its variations
Genetics
the study of the form and structure of animals
Morphology
the study of the functions and mechanisms of biotic organisms
Physiology
the study of the classification and the naming of organisms
Taxonomy
the breeding and rearing of chicks
Poultry
the rearing of honey bees
Apiculture
the study of artificial synthesis of new genes and subsequent alteration of the genome of an organism
Genetic Engineering
the study of breeding, rearing, and treatment of diseases in animals
Veterinary Science/Medicine
the study of insects
Entomology
the study of insects
Entomology
the study of fishes
Ichthyology
the study of birds
Ornithology
the study of the heart
Cardiology
the study of endocrine glands
Endocrinology
the study of disease
Pathology
the study of synthesis and effects of medicine on organisms
Pharmacology
the study of poisons and narcotics in animals
Toxicology
a systematized and logical approach to discover how things in our universe work
Science
body of knowledge which accumulated through the discoveries about all the things in the universe
Science
this Latin word means “knowledge”
scientia
a method of research with series and defined steps that include experiments and careful observation
The Scientific Method
the scientific method is first documented by who?
England’s Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) who set up inductive methods for scientific inquiry
the scientific method consists of a series of defined steps:
- Make an observation
- Ask a question
- Form a hypothesis that answers the question
- Make a prediction based on the hypothesis
- Do an experiment to test prediction
- Analyze the results
- Report results
educated guess on how things work
Hypothesis
attempt to answer your question with an explanation that can be tested
Hypothesis
“If… then…”
Prediction
tests whether your prediction is accurate; if hypothesis is supported or not
Experimentation
hypothesis correct or not
Analyze the results
incorrect hypothesis, try again
Established/Report results
these separates living organisms from abiotic or non-living components
Attributes of Life
Attributes of Life
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Sensitivity/Response to Stimuli
- Metabolism
- Movement
- Homeostasis
- Adaptation to the Environment
- The complexity of organization
“increase in volume” resulting from the production of newly formed structures
Growth
ability to produce or replicate one’s self
Reproduction
respond to conditions
Sensitivity/Response to Stimuli
different response to stimuli:
a. Chemotropism
b. Geotropism
c. Hydrotropism
d. Phototropism
e. Thigmotropism
response to chemicals
Chemotropism
response to gravity
Geotropism
response to water
Hydrotropism
response to light
Phototropism
response to touch/stimulus
Thigmotropism
move towards stimuli
Positive response
moves away from stimuli
Negative response
sum total of all biological reactions
Metabolism
breaking down processes
Catabolism (digestion, cellular respiration)
building up processes
Anabolism (photosynthesis)
ability to move either in a stationary phase or through locomotion
Movement
ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions
Homeostasis
ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions
Homeostasis
example of Homeostasis or “steady state”
sweating or shivering to maintain body temperature
“learn to adapt in order to survive”
Adaptation to the Environment
natural selection, changing their properties by mutation, and by exhibiting homeostatic response
Adaptation to the Environment
highly organized, coordinated structures
The complexity of organization
The Biological Levels of Organization of Living Things:
- Organelles
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organ & Organ System
- Organisms, Population & Communities
- Ecosystem
- Biosphere
examples of organelles
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Lysosomes
- Chloroplast
group of organelles
Cells
group of cells
Tissues
group of tissues
Organ
group of organs
Organ System
group of organ systems
Organism
group of organisms
Population
group of populations
Community
group of communities
Ecosystem
group of ecosystems
Biosphere
(origin of life) two views of philosophies:
- Vitalistic View
- Mechanistic View
existence of life on our planet is a mysterious force
Vitalistic View
existence of life originated from the series of physical and chemical reactions occurred in the early times
Mechanistic View
Theories on the Origin of Life:
- Interplanetary Theory
- Cosmozoa Theory
- Theory of Divine Creation
- Theory of Spontaneous Generation
- Biotic or Biogenesis Theory
- Abiotic or Abiogenesis Theory
explains that life came from other planets
Interplanetary Theory
from outer space
Cosmozoa Theory
creation of God
Theory of Divine Creation
from non-living matter (maggots on decaying meat, etc)
Theory of Spontaneous Generation
from pre-existing life
Biotic or Biogenesis Theory
explains that life came from non-living matter (elements, compounds)
Abiotic or Abiogenesis Theory
most abundant elements in living organisms
CHNOPS (Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur)
macromolecules: integral in the formation of cells, tissues, organ systems, and entire organisms
Biomolecules
Biomolecules (“big 4”):
Nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
unique forms of matter; cannot be broken down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions
Elements
contains atoms of two or more different elements chemically joined together
Compunds
large class of chemical
compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements
Organic Compounds
any substance in which two or more chemical elements (usually other than carbon) are combined and often times in definite proportions
Inorganic Compounds
- one of the most abundant molecules
*most critical to life on our planet - can exist in 3 states of matter
Water
- Approximately 60–70 percent of the human body is made up of this.
- Without it, life as we know it simply would not exist.
Water
Properties of Water:
- Water is polar
- Water is an excellent solvent
- Water has high heat capacity
- Water has a high heat of vaporization
- Water has cohesive and adhesive properties
- Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid
Fundamental component of macromolecules - a
subset of organic molecules that are essentially important for life
Carbon
versatile element ideal to serve as the basic structural component or backbone of the macromolecules
Carbon
Carbon as a versatile molecule:
*in forming covalent bonds with other atom
* can form single, double or even triple bonds
* can form chains, branched chains and even rings
* All sorts of functional groups can be attached to the
hydrocarbon backbones
*the genetic material found in all living organisms
*found inside the nucleus and some organelles
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - to explain organism’s information flow
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); from replication of DNA -> transcription to RNA -> translation to protein
DNA structure:
- double-helix
- Polynucleotide
- antiparallel
- complimentary
*semiconservative - Has 3 parts (nucleotides)
Deoxyribose (Sugar)
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous bases (ADENINE & THYMINE, CYTOSINE & GUANINE)
ATCG
adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), guanine (G)
- The ability to speed up the chemical reaction.
- Build up or breakdown items that they act on.
Enzymes (has a suffix -ase)
- Separates the 2 strands of DNA
- Breaks through the Hydrogen that hold the DNA bases together.
Helicase (the unzipping enzyme)
- Replicates DNA molecules to build a new strand of DNA.
DNA Polymerase (the builder)
- Makes the primer so the DNA Polymerase can figure out where to start to work.
Primase (the initializer)
what is primer made out of?
RNA
- Helps glue the DNA fragments together
Ligase (the gluer)
New strands – Lagging strand
Okazaki strand
removes all the RNA primers from both strands of DNA
Exonuclease
