Chapter 1: The Nature and Scope of Animal Life Flashcards
1
Q
study the animal kingdom: structure, embryology, physiology, evolution, classification, behavior, and distribution of all animals
A
Zoology
2
Q
the study of both living and extinct animals; how they interact with their ecosystem
A
Zoology
3
Q
the scientific study of animals (scientific biology)
A
Zoology
4
Q
where did “zoology” come from?
A
the Greek words zoion = animal; and logos = study
5
Q
the study of internal structure of animals
A
Anatomy
6
Q
the relationship between the organisms and their surrounding environments
A
Ecology
7
Q
the study of heredity and its variations
A
Genetics
8
Q
the study of the form and structure of animals
A
Morphology
9
Q
the study of the functions and mechanisms of biotic organisms
A
Physiology
10
Q
the study of the classification and the naming of organisms
A
Taxonomy
11
Q
the breeding and rearing of chicks
A
Poultry
12
Q
the rearing of honey bees
A
Apiculture
13
Q
the study of artificial synthesis of new genes and subsequent alteration of the genome of an organism
A
Genetic Engineering
14
Q
the study of breeding, rearing, and treatment of diseases in animals
A
Veterinary Science/Medicine
15
Q
the study of insects
A
Entomology
16
Q
the study of insects
A
Entomology
17
Q
the study of fishes
A
Ichthyology
18
Q
the study of birds
A
Ornithology
19
Q
the study of the heart
A
Cardiology
20
Q
the study of endocrine glands
A
Endocrinology
21
Q
the study of disease
A
Pathology
22
Q
the study of synthesis and effects of medicine on organisms
A
Pharmacology
23
Q
the study of poisons and narcotics in animals
A
Toxicology
24
Q
a systematized and logical approach to discover how things in our universe work
A
Science
25
body of knowledge which accumulated through the discoveries about all the things in the universe
Science
26
this Latin word means “knowledge”
scientia
27
a method of research with series and defined steps that include experiments and careful observation
The Scientific Method
28
the scientific method is first documented by who?
England’s Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) who set up inductive methods for scientific inquiry
29
the scientific method consists of a series of defined steps:
1. Make an observation
2. Ask a question
3. Form a hypothesis that answers the question
4. Make a prediction based on the hypothesis
5. Do an experiment to test prediction
6. Analyze the results
7. Report results
30
educated guess on how things work
Hypothesis
31
attempt to answer your question with an explanation that can be tested
Hypothesis
32
“If… then…”
Prediction
33
tests whether your prediction is accurate; if hypothesis is supported or not
Experimentation
34
hypothesis correct or not
Analyze the results
35
incorrect hypothesis, try again
Established/Report results
36
these separates living organisms from abiotic or non-living components
Attributes of Life
37
Attributes of Life
1. Growth
2. Reproduction
3. Sensitivity/Response to Stimuli
4. Metabolism
5. Movement
6. Homeostasis
7. Adaptation to the Environment
8. The complexity of organization
38
“increase in volume” resulting from the production of newly formed structures
Growth
39
ability to produce or replicate one’s self
Reproduction
40
respond to conditions
Sensitivity/Response to Stimuli
41
different response to stimuli:
a. Chemotropism
b. Geotropism
c. Hydrotropism
d. Phototropism
e. Thigmotropism
42
response to chemicals
Chemotropism
43
response to gravity
Geotropism
44
response to water
Hydrotropism
45
response to light
Phototropism
46
response to touch/stimulus
Thigmotropism
47
move towards stimuli
Positive response
48
moves away from stimuli
Negative response
49
sum total of all biological reactions
Metabolism
50
breaking down processes
Catabolism (digestion, cellular respiration)
51
building up processes
Anabolism (photosynthesis)
52
ability to move either in a stationary phase or through locomotion
Movement
53
ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions
Homeostasis
54
ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions
Homeostasis
55
example of Homeostasis or “steady state”
sweating or shivering to maintain body temperature
56
“learn to adapt in order to survive”
Adaptation to the Environment
57
natural selection, changing their properties by mutation, and by exhibiting homeostatic response
Adaptation to the Environment
58
highly organized, coordinated structures
The complexity of organization
59
The Biological Levels of Organization of Living Things:
- Organelles
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organ & Organ System
- Organisms, Population & Communities
- Ecosystem
- Biosphere
60
examples of organelles
* Nucleus
* Mitochondria
* Lysosomes
* Chloroplast
61
group of organelles
Cells
62
group of cells
Tissues
63
group of tissues
Organ
64
group of organs
Organ System
65
group of organ systems
Organism
66
group of organisms
Population
67
group of populations
Community
68
group of communities
Ecosystem
69
group of ecosystems
Biosphere
70
(origin of life) two views of philosophies:
- Vitalistic View
- Mechanistic View
71
existence of life on our planet is a mysterious force
Vitalistic View
72
existence of life originated from the series of physical and chemical reactions occurred in the early times
Mechanistic View
73
Theories on the Origin of Life:
- Interplanetary Theory
- Cosmozoa Theory
- Theory of Divine Creation
- Theory of Spontaneous Generation
- Biotic or Biogenesis Theory
- Abiotic or Abiogenesis Theory
74
explains that life came from other planets
Interplanetary Theory
75
from outer space
Cosmozoa Theory
76
creation of God
Theory of Divine Creation
77
from non-living matter (maggots on decaying meat, etc)
Theory of Spontaneous Generation
78
from pre-existing life
Biotic or Biogenesis Theory
79
explains that life came from non-living matter (elements, compounds)
Abiotic or Abiogenesis Theory
80
most abundant elements in living organisms
CHNOPS (Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur)
81
macromolecules: integral in the formation of cells, tissues, organ systems, and entire organisms
Biomolecules
82
Biomolecules ("big 4"):
Nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
83
unique forms of matter; cannot be broken down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions
Elements
84
contains atoms of two or more different elements chemically joined together
Compunds
85
large class of chemical
compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements
Organic Compounds
86
any substance in which two or more chemical elements (usually other than carbon) are combined and often times in definite proportions
Inorganic Compounds
87
* one of the most abundant molecules
*most critical to life on our planet
* can exist in 3 states of matter
Water
88
* Approximately 60–70 percent of the human body is made up of this.
* Without it, life as we know it simply would not exist.
Water
89
Properties of Water:
* Water is polar
* Water is an excellent solvent
* Water has high heat capacity
* Water has a high heat of vaporization
* Water has cohesive and adhesive properties
* Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid
90
Fundamental component of macromolecules - a
subset of organic molecules that are essentially important for life
Carbon
91
versatile element ideal to serve as the basic structural component or backbone of the macromolecules
Carbon
92
Carbon as a versatile molecule:
*in forming covalent bonds with other atom
* can form single, double or even triple bonds
* can form chains, branched chains and even rings
* All sorts of functional groups can be attached to the
hydrocarbon backbones
93
*the genetic material found in all living organisms
*found inside the nucleus and some organelles
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
94
the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - to explain organism’s information flow
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); from replication of DNA -> transcription to RNA -> translation to protein
95
DNA structure:
* double-helix
* Polynucleotide
* antiparallel
* complimentary
*semiconservative
- Has 3 parts (nucleotides)
Deoxyribose (Sugar)
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous bases (ADENINE & THYMINE, CYTOSINE & GUANINE)
96
ATCG
adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), guanine (G)
97
- The ability to speed up the chemical reaction.
- Build up or breakdown items that they act on.
Enzymes (has a suffix -ase)
98
- Separates the 2 strands of DNA
- Breaks through the Hydrogen that hold the DNA bases together.
Helicase (the unzipping enzyme)
99
- Replicates DNA molecules to build a new strand of DNA.
DNA Polymerase (the builder)
100
- Makes the primer so the DNA Polymerase can figure out where to start to work.
Primase (the initializer)
101
what is primer made out of?
RNA
102
- Helps glue the DNA fragments together
Ligase (the gluer)
103
New strands – Lagging strand
Okazaki strand
104
removes all the RNA primers from both strands of DNA
Exonuclease
