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Bio. Sci 2: General Zoology > Chapter 1: The Nature and Scope of Animal Life > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Nature and Scope of Animal Life Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

study the animal kingdom: structure, embryology, physiology, evolution, classification, behavior, and distribution of all animals

A

Zoology

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2
Q

the study of both living and extinct animals; how they interact with their ecosystem

A

Zoology

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3
Q

the scientific study of animals (scientific biology)

A

Zoology

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4
Q

where did “zoology” come from?

A

the Greek words zoion = animal; and logos = study

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5
Q

the study of internal structure of animals

A

Anatomy

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6
Q

the relationship between the organisms and their surrounding environments

A

Ecology

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7
Q

the study of heredity and its variations

A

Genetics

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8
Q

the study of the form and structure of animals

A

Morphology

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9
Q

the study of the functions and mechanisms of biotic organisms

A

Physiology

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10
Q

the study of the classification and the naming of organisms

A

Taxonomy

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11
Q

the breeding and rearing of chicks

A

Poultry

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12
Q

the rearing of honey bees

A

Apiculture

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13
Q

the study of artificial synthesis of new genes and subsequent alteration of the genome of an organism

A

Genetic Engineering

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14
Q

the study of breeding, rearing, and treatment of diseases in animals

A

Veterinary Science/Medicine

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15
Q

the study of insects

A

Entomology

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16
Q

the study of insects

A

Entomology

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17
Q

the study of fishes

A

Ichthyology

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18
Q

the study of birds

A

Ornithology

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19
Q

the study of the heart

A

Cardiology

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20
Q

the study of endocrine glands

A

Endocrinology

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21
Q

the study of disease

A

Pathology

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22
Q

the study of synthesis and effects of medicine on organisms

A

Pharmacology

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23
Q

the study of poisons and narcotics in animals

A

Toxicology

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24
Q

a systematized and logical approach to discover how things in our universe work

A

Science

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25
Q

body of knowledge which accumulated through the discoveries about all the things in the universe

A

Science

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26
Q

this Latin word means “knowledge”

A

scientia

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27
Q

a method of research with series and defined steps that include experiments and careful observation

A

The Scientific Method

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28
Q

the scientific method is first documented by who?

A

England’s Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) who set up inductive methods for scientific inquiry

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29
Q

the scientific method consists of a series of defined steps:

A
  1. Make an observation
  2. Ask a question
  3. Form a hypothesis that answers the question
  4. Make a prediction based on the hypothesis
  5. Do an experiment to test prediction
  6. Analyze the results
  7. Report results
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30
Q

educated guess on how things work

A

Hypothesis

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31
Q

attempt to answer your question with an explanation that can be tested

A

Hypothesis

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32
Q

“If… then…”

A

Prediction

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33
Q

tests whether your prediction is accurate; if hypothesis is supported or not

A

Experimentation

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34
Q

hypothesis correct or not

A

Analyze the results

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35
Q

incorrect hypothesis, try again

A

Established/Report results

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36
Q

these separates living organisms from abiotic or non-living components

A

Attributes of Life

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37
Q

Attributes of Life

A
  1. Growth
  2. Reproduction
  3. Sensitivity/Response to Stimuli
  4. Metabolism
  5. Movement
  6. Homeostasis
  7. Adaptation to the Environment
  8. The complexity of organization
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38
Q

“increase in volume” resulting from the production of newly formed structures

A

Growth

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39
Q

ability to produce or replicate one’s self

A

Reproduction

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40
Q

respond to conditions

A

Sensitivity/Response to Stimuli

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41
Q

different response to stimuli:

A

a. Chemotropism
b. Geotropism
c. Hydrotropism
d. Phototropism
e. Thigmotropism

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42
Q

response to chemicals

A

Chemotropism

43
Q

response to gravity

A

Geotropism

44
Q

response to water

A

Hydrotropism

45
Q

response to light

A

Phototropism

46
Q

response to touch/stimulus

A

Thigmotropism

47
Q

move towards stimuli

A

Positive response

48
Q

moves away from stimuli

A

Negative response

49
Q

sum total of all biological reactions

A

Metabolism

50
Q

breaking down processes

A

Catabolism (digestion, cellular respiration)

51
Q

building up processes

A

Anabolism (photosynthesis)

52
Q

ability to move either in a stationary phase or through locomotion

A

Movement

53
Q

ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions

A

Homeostasis

54
Q

ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions

A

Homeostasis

55
Q

example of Homeostasis or “steady state”

A

sweating or shivering to maintain body temperature

56
Q

“learn to adapt in order to survive”

A

Adaptation to the Environment

57
Q

natural selection, changing their properties by mutation, and by exhibiting homeostatic response

A

Adaptation to the Environment

58
Q

highly organized, coordinated structures

A

The complexity of organization

59
Q

The Biological Levels of Organization of Living Things:

A
  • Organelles
  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organ & Organ System
  • Organisms, Population & Communities
  • Ecosystem
  • Biosphere
60
Q

examples of organelles

A
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Lysosomes
  • Chloroplast
61
Q

group of organelles

A

Cells

62
Q

group of cells

A

Tissues

63
Q

group of tissues

A

Organ

64
Q

group of organs

A

Organ System

65
Q

group of organ systems

A

Organism

66
Q

group of organisms

A

Population

67
Q

group of populations

A

Community

68
Q

group of communities

A

Ecosystem

69
Q

group of ecosystems

A

Biosphere

70
Q

(origin of life) two views of philosophies:

A
  • Vitalistic View
  • Mechanistic View
71
Q

existence of life on our planet is a mysterious force

A

Vitalistic View

72
Q

existence of life originated from the series of physical and chemical reactions occurred in the early times

A

Mechanistic View

73
Q

Theories on the Origin of Life:

A
  • Interplanetary Theory
  • Cosmozoa Theory
  • Theory of Divine Creation
  • Theory of Spontaneous Generation
  • Biotic or Biogenesis Theory
  • Abiotic or Abiogenesis Theory
74
Q

explains that life came from other planets

A

Interplanetary Theory

75
Q

from outer space

A

Cosmozoa Theory

76
Q

creation of God

A

Theory of Divine Creation

77
Q

from non-living matter (maggots on decaying meat, etc)

A

Theory of Spontaneous Generation

78
Q

from pre-existing life

A

Biotic or Biogenesis Theory

79
Q

explains that life came from non-living matter (elements, compounds)

A

Abiotic or Abiogenesis Theory

80
Q

most abundant elements in living organisms

A

CHNOPS (Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur)

81
Q

macromolecules: integral in the formation of cells, tissues, organ systems, and entire organisms

A

Biomolecules

82
Q

Biomolecules (“big 4”):

A

Nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates

83
Q

unique forms of matter; cannot be broken down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions

A

Elements

84
Q

contains atoms of two or more different elements chemically joined together

A

Compunds

85
Q

large class of chemical
compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements

A

Organic Compounds

86
Q

any substance in which two or more chemical elements (usually other than carbon) are combined and often times in definite proportions

A

Inorganic Compounds

87
Q
  • one of the most abundant molecules
    *most critical to life on our planet
  • can exist in 3 states of matter
A

Water

88
Q
  • Approximately 60–70 percent of the human body is made up of this.
  • Without it, life as we know it simply would not exist.
A

Water

89
Q

Properties of Water:

A
  • Water is polar
  • Water is an excellent solvent
  • Water has high heat capacity
  • Water has a high heat of vaporization
  • Water has cohesive and adhesive properties
  • Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid
90
Q

Fundamental component of macromolecules - a
subset of organic molecules that are essentially important for life

A

Carbon

91
Q

versatile element ideal to serve as the basic structural component or backbone of the macromolecules

A

Carbon

92
Q

Carbon as a versatile molecule:

A

*in forming covalent bonds with other atom
* can form single, double or even triple bonds
* can form chains, branched chains and even rings
* All sorts of functional groups can be attached to the
hydrocarbon backbones

93
Q

*the genetic material found in all living organisms
*found inside the nucleus and some organelles

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

94
Q

the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - to explain organism’s information flow

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); from replication of DNA -> transcription to RNA -> translation to protein

95
Q

DNA structure:

A
  • double-helix
  • Polynucleotide
  • antiparallel
  • complimentary
    *semiconservative
  • Has 3 parts (nucleotides)
     Deoxyribose (Sugar)
     Phosphate group
     Nitrogenous bases (ADENINE & THYMINE, CYTOSINE & GUANINE)
96
Q

ATCG

A

adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), guanine (G)

97
Q
  • The ability to speed up the chemical reaction.
  • Build up or breakdown items that they act on.
A

Enzymes (has a suffix -ase)

98
Q
  • Separates the 2 strands of DNA
  • Breaks through the Hydrogen that hold the DNA bases together.
A

 Helicase (the unzipping enzyme)

99
Q
  • Replicates DNA molecules to build a new strand of DNA.
A

 DNA Polymerase (the builder)

100
Q
  • Makes the primer so the DNA Polymerase can figure out where to start to work.
A

 Primase (the initializer)

101
Q

what is primer made out of?

A

RNA

102
Q
  • Helps glue the DNA fragments together
A

 Ligase (the gluer)

103
Q

 New strands – Lagging strand

A

Okazaki strand

104
Q

removes all the RNA primers from both strands of DNA

A

Exonuclease

Bio. Sci 2: General Zoology (4 decks)

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