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Biology - Chapters 1 & 2 > Chapter 2 - Carbs > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Carbs Flashcards

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1
Q

What is starch?

A

A polymer of alpha glucose, linked with many glycosidic bonds

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2
Q

What shape is starch?

A

It coils in to a ring due to the bonding of the C1 of a glucose to the C4 of the next a (1,4 glycosidic bond)

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3
Q

What two molecules make up starch?

A

Amylose (straight chain that coils) and amylopectin (a long branched chain with short arms of glucose units ( 1,6 bond))

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4
Q

Is a starch molecule stable?

A

Yes, due to the coiling and folding (individual glycosidic bonds are weak)

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5
Q

How do you test for starch?

A

Iodine, gives blue black colour when present

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6
Q

What is the purpose of starch?

A

Major carbohydrate storage molecule in plants

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7
Q

What is starch stored in, in plants?

A

Amyloplasts (a type of plastid)

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8
Q

What is a plastid?

A

A specialised membrane bound organelle found in plant cells e.g. chloroplasts & amyloplasts

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9
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A polymer of alpha glucose with more branches than starch (amylopectin) and shorter chains

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10
Q

What is the purpose of glycogen?

A

A source of stored energy in animals, easily broken down into glucose when needed and stored in liver & muscle cells

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11
Q

What is cellulose?

A

Made of beta glucose, which are also joined by glycosidic bonds

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12
Q

What is the difference between beta and alpha glucose?

A

The H group is ‘ABOVE in ALPHA’ and the H group is ‘BELOW in BETA’

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13
Q

Why is the polymer of cellulose different to that of glycogen or starch?

A

Because of the OH and H arrangement in beta glucose (h at the bottom), the alternating beta molecules must be flipped so that they can bond

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14
Q

How do cross links form in cellulose?

A

The alternating beta molecules form a very straight chain with many -OH groups on the outside, allowing hydrogen bonds to form between adjacent cellulose chains

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15
Q

What do the cross links between different cellulose chains allow?

A

Allows cellulose to form cellulose microfibril, which cross links to form cellulose fibres

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16
Q

What are three examples of polysaccharides?

A

Starch, glycogen and cellulose

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17
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

Strengthens and stabilises plant cell walls

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18
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Large polymers formed of many monosaccharides that are combined by condensation reactions

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19
Q

In a polysaccharide how is each polymer attached to the chain?

A

By a glycosidic bond

20
Q

Why do simple sugars release energy?

A

Because they are small simple molecules which and soluble

21
Q

Why are complex carbs used as energy stores and not for instant energy release?

A

Because they are large complex molecules which are stable and insoluble

22
Q

What three types of carbs are there?

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharide, polysaccharide

23
Q

Three examples of monosaccharide molecules?

A

Glucose (6C), ribose (5C), Deoxyribose (5C)

24
Q

What is the function of glucose?

A

A source of energy (easily hydrolysed), transported in the blood of animals

25
Q

What is the function of ribose?

A

Part of all types of RNA & ATP molecules, important part of protein synthesis

26
Q

What is the function of deoxyribose?

A

Part of DNA for inherited information

27
Q

Three examples of disaccharide molecules?

A

Maltose, sucrose, lactose

28
Q

What is the function of maltose?

A

Energy store in plants

29
Q

What is the function of sucrose?

A

Energy store in some plants, transported in the plant phloem

30
Q

What is the function of lactose?

A

Sugar found in milk, important nutrient in young mammals

31
Q

Three examples of polysaccharide molecules?

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose

32
Q

What is the function of starch?

A

Energy store in plants

33
Q

What is the function of glycogen?

A

Energy storage in plants and animals

34
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

Structural component of plant cell walls

35
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

A molecule made of two monosaccharides, joined together by a covalent bond (glycosidic)

36
Q

What bond is formed when 2 alpha glucose are joined, and one water molecule is lost?

A

1,4 glycosidic bond

37
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple carbohydrates and all are used as monomers for other more complex carbs

38
Q

What do all carbs contain?

A

Hydrogen and oxygen

39
Q

What is the general formula for carbs?

A

(Cx(H2O)y)

40
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A chemical reaction where 2 molecules are joined by a covalent bond and 1 water molecule is released

41
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

A chemical reaction where the covalent bond between 2 molecules is broken, the addition of 1 water molecule separates the 2 molecules

42
Q

Why is carbon an important element?

A

Has a full outer shell of 4 pairs of electrons (4 bond sites) which can be shared with 4 other atoms to form covalent bonds (forming organic molecules), it is a building block for many molecules

43
Q

What are carbon skeletons?

A

When carbon atoms bond together to form larger molecules

44
Q

What 4 forms can carbon skeletons be?

A

Short straight, long straight, branched, or ring form

45
Q

Do carbon bond to any other elements in skeletons or molecule form?

A

Covalently bond with oxygen and hydrogen mainly, some others (can double bond with other elements aswell as its own)

Biology - Chapters 1 & 2 (7 decks)

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