Chapter 1 - Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What forms the structure of a ribosome?

A

A large subunit and a small subunit, joined by an mRNA strand

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2
Q

What are the three basic parts that make up a chloroplast?

A

The outer membrane, inner membrane and the stroma (inside space)

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3
Q

What are cilia?

A

An extension of the plasma membrane

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4
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

Either move the cell if free, or move substances around the cell

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5
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

The smooth patches of cisternae within cytoplasm

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6
Q

What are cisternae/ what is a cisterna?

A

(A) flattened membrane disk of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

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7
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

Act like a digestive system which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell.

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8
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

To carry out aerobic respiration, resulting in ATP production

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9
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Found in pairs, just outside of the nucleus

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10
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

10 (micro) metres surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double membrane)

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11
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

The site of DNA, expression of genes, and it controls the cell activities

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12
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

1-2 (micro) metres, darkly stained region of nucleus, made up of proteins and RNA

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13
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A

Free in the cytoplasm or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

They carry out protein synthesis

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15
Q

What is the vacuole?

A

The empty space inside a cell

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16
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A network of cisternae throughout the cytoplasm, covered in ribosomes

17
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Site of protein synthesis

18
Q

What is the structure of a chloroplast?

A

Oval shaped, outer and internal membranes, containing chlorophyll molecules (thylakoids stacked to form granum)

19
Q

What is the function of a chloroplast?

A

It’s the site of photosynthesis

20
Q

What is a tonoplast?

A

The membrane surrounding the vacuole

21
Q

What is the golgi?

A

A curved stack of cisternae, constantly forming from vesicles from the RER and SER

22
Q

What is a capsule?

A

A polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell envelope of bacteria

23
Q

What is a plus/pili?

A

A hair-like appendage (extension of the outer cell body) found on bacterium cell surfaces

24
Q

What is microtubule?

A

A polymer of tubulin that forms part of the cytoskeleton that provides cytoplasm with structure and support

25
Q

What is a microtubule made up of?

A

An alpha and a beta joined to form one subunit (a tubulin)

26
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A complex network of interlinking filaments and tubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm, from the nucleus to plasma membrane

27
Q

What are functions of the cytoskeleton?

A

Cellular movement (moving liquids across surface/moving actual cell), intracellular movement (movement of vesicles), strengthening & support

28
Q

What is a nuclear pore?

A

Protein complexes that span the nuclear envelope (double membrane) surrounding the nucleus

29
Q

What is the function of nuclear pores?

A

Allows transport of molecules across the nuclear envelope (e.g. RNA & ribosomal proteins)

30
Q

What is chromatin?

A

A complex of macro molecules (made of DNA, protein, RNA)

31
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

A complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport

32
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and involved in protein and lipid synthesis

33
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

The Golgi apparatus gathers simple molecules and combines them to make molecules that are more complex. takes those big molecules, packages them in vesicles, and either stores them for later use or sends them out of the cell. It is also builds lysosomes (cell digestion machines)

34
Q

What is the structure of a mitochondria?

A

A double membrane (outer & inner), the inner folds internally on itself, the membrane folds are called cristae and the inside of the mitochondria is called the matrix

35
Q

What is present at the Cristae?

A

Contain proteins and molecules used for making chemical energy for the cell

36
Q

What is inside the stroma of a chloroplast?

A

Thylakoids (the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis) are stacked to form granum, the granums are linked to one another

37
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

An organelle containing degradative enzymes (break up/down molecules) enclosed in a membrane

38
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria, they remove waste

39
Q

What is secretion?

A

The production and release of a substance from a gland or cell