Chapter 1 - Cell Structure

Question 1

What forms the structure of a ribosome?

Answer 1

A large subunit and a small subunit, joined by an mRNA strand

Question 2

What are the three basic parts that make up a chloroplast?

Answer 2

The outer membrane, inner membrane and the stroma (inside space)

Question 3

What are cilia?

Answer 3

An extension of the plasma membrane

Question 4

What is the function of cilia?

Answer 4

Either move the cell if free, or move substances around the cell

Question 5

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 5

The smooth patches of cisternae within cytoplasm

Question 6

What are cisternae/ what is a cisterna?

Answer 6

(A) flattened membrane disk of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

Question 7

What do mitochondria do?

Answer 7

Act like a digestive system which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell.

Question 8

What is the function of mitochondria?

Answer 8

To carry out aerobic respiration, resulting in ATP production

Question 9

What are centrioles?

Answer 9

Found in pairs, just outside of the nucleus

Question 10

What is the nucleus?

Answer 10

10 (micro) metres surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double membrane)

Question 11

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 11

The site of DNA, expression of genes, and it controls the cell activities

Question 12

What is the nucleolus?

Answer 12

1-2 (micro) metres, darkly stained region of nucleus, made up of proteins and RNA

Question 13

Where are ribosomes found?

Answer 13

Free in the cytoplasm or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 14

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 14

They carry out protein synthesis

Question 15

What is the vacuole?

Answer 15

The empty space inside a cell

Question 16

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 16

A network of cisternae throughout the cytoplasm, covered in ribosomes

Question 17

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 17

Site of protein synthesis

Question 18

What is the structure of a chloroplast?

Answer 18

Oval shaped, outer and internal membranes, containing chlorophyll molecules (thylakoids stacked to form granum)

Question 19

What is the function of a chloroplast?

Answer 19

It’s the site of photosynthesis

Question 20

What is a tonoplast?

Answer 20

The membrane surrounding the vacuole

Question 21

What is the golgi?

Answer 21

A curved stack of cisternae, constantly forming from vesicles from the RER and SER

Question 22

What is a capsule?

Answer 22

A polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell envelope of bacteria

Question 23

What is a plus/pili?

Answer 23

A hair-like appendage (extension of the outer cell body) found on bacterium cell surfaces

Question 24

What is microtubule?

Answer 24

A polymer of tubulin that forms part of the cytoskeleton that provides cytoplasm with structure and support

Question 25

What is a microtubule made up of?

Answer 25

An alpha and a beta joined to form one subunit (a tubulin)

Question 26

What is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 26

A complex network of interlinking filaments and tubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm, from the nucleus to plasma membrane

Question 27

What are functions of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 27

Cellular movement (moving liquids across surface/moving actual cell), intracellular movement (movement of vesicles), strengthening & support

Question 28

What is a nuclear pore?

Answer 28

Protein complexes that span the nuclear envelope (double membrane) surrounding the nucleus

Question 29

What is the function of nuclear pores?

Answer 29

Allows transport of molecules across the nuclear envelope (e.g. RNA & ribosomal proteins)

Question 30

What is chromatin?

Answer 30

A complex of macro molecules (made of DNA, protein, RNA)

Question 31

What is the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 31

A complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport

Question 32

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 32

A network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and involved in protein and lipid synthesis

Question 33

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Answer 33

The Golgi apparatus gathers simple molecules and combines them to make molecules that are more complex. takes those big molecules, packages them in vesicles, and either stores them for later use or sends them out of the cell. It is also builds lysosomes (cell digestion machines)

Question 34

What is the structure of a mitochondria?

Answer 34

A double membrane (outer & inner), the inner folds internally on itself, the membrane folds are called cristae and the inside of the mitochondria is called the matrix

Question 35

What is present at the Cristae?

Answer 35

Contain proteins and molecules used for making chemical energy for the cell

Question 36

What is inside the stroma of a chloroplast?

Answer 36

Thylakoids (the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis) are stacked to form granum, the granums are linked to one another

Question 37

What is a lysosome?

Answer 37

An organelle containing degradative enzymes (break up/down molecules) enclosed in a membrane

Question 38

What do lysosomes do?

Answer 38

They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria, they remove waste

Question 39

What is secretion?

Answer 39

The production and release of a substance from a gland or cell