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BIOL 235 Chapter 1-10 Midterm 1 Review > Chapter 2 BIOL 235 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 BIOL 235 Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass is called matter

Made up of tiny particles called atoms. Three states of matter: Solid, liquid, and gas

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2
Q

Mass

A

Amount of matter in any object which does not change

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3
Q

Weight

A

Force of gravity acting on matter which DOES CHANGE

Example: when objects are farther away from earth, the pull of gravity is weaker (person in space)

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4
Q

Three states of matter

A

Solid
Liquid
Gas

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5
Q

Solid

A

Compact and have definite shape and volume

Example: teeth/bones

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6
Q

Liquids

A

Definitive volume volume AND assume the shape of their container

Example: blood plasma

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7
Q

Gases

A

No shape or volume

Example: oxygen

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8
Q

All forms of matter both ____ and ____ are made up of a limited number of building blocks called____

A

Living
Non-living
Chemical elements

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9
Q

Chemical elements is a substance that ___ be split into a simpler substance

A

Cannot

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10
Q

How many elements are there recognized by science?

A

118

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11
Q

How many elements occur naturally on earth?

A

92

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12
Q

Each named element of designated by a

A

Chemical symbol

One or two letters of the elements name in a language (ex: H = hydrogen Ca= calcium and O= oxygen)

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13
Q

Major elements

A

4 elements that constitute 96% of total body mass

oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen

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14
Q

Lesser elements

A

8 elements that make up 3.6% of total body mass

Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulfur
Sodium
Chlorine
Magnesium
Iron

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15
Q

Trace elements

A

14 elements that make up 0.4% of total body mass

Aluminum
Boron
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Fluorine
Iodine
Manganese
Molybdenum
Selenium
Silicon
Tin
Vanadium
Zinc

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16
Q

Major elements
Lesser elements
Trace elements

A
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17
Q

Oxygen 65% TBM

A

65% of total body mass

Part of water and many organic molecules

used to generate ATP, a molecule used by cells to temporarily store chemical energy

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18
Q

Carbon 18.5 TBM

A

18.5% of total body mass

Forms, backbone chains and rings of all organic molecules, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)

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19
Q

Hydrogen 9.5% TBM

A

9.5% of total body mass

Constitute of water and most organic molecules, ionized form H+ makes body fluids, more acidic

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20
Q

Nitrogen 3.2% TBM

A

3.2% of total body mass

Component of all proteins and nucleic acids

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21
Q

Is oxygen a major or lesser element?

A

MAJOR

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22
Q

Is carbon a major element or lesser element?

A

MAJOR

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23
Q

What % of body mass is oxygen?

A

65%

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24
Q

What % of carbon is total body mass?

A

18.5%

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25
Q

What % of hydrogen is total body mass?

A

9.5%

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26
Q

What % of nitrogen is total body mass?

A

3.2%

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27
Q

Is nitrogen lesser element or major element?

A

MAJOR

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28
Q

Is calcium major element or lesser element?

A

LESSER

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29
Q

What % of total body mass is calcium?

A

1.5%

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30
Q

Is phosphorus lesser element or major element?

A

LESSER

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31
Q

What % is total body mass for potassium?

A

0.35%

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32
Q

What % is total body mass for phosphorus?

A

1%

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33
Q

Calcium

A

Contributes to hardness of bones and teeth, ionized form Ca2+ needed for blood clotting, release of some hormones, contraction of muscle, and many other process

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34
Q

Phosphorus

A

Component of nucleic acids, and ATP, required for normal bone and tooth structure

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35
Q

Potassium

A

Ionized form K plus is the most plentiful cation (positive charged) in ICF needs to generate potential actions

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36
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest units of matter that retain properties and characteristics of element

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37
Q

What are the smallest atoms?

A

Hydrogen atoms

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38
Q

Subatomitc particles (3 most important)

A

Protons
Neutrons
Electrons

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39
Q

Nucleus

A

Dense central core of an atom

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40
Q

Within the nucleus there are positively charged ___ and uncharged ___. The negativity charged ___ move in large space surrounding the nucleus

A

PROTONS
NEUTRONS
ELECTRONS

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41
Q

Electron shells

A

Simple circles around the nucleus

First one (nearest to the nucleus) NEVER holds more than 2 electrons

Second one holds maximum of 8 electrons

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42
Q

Number of electrons in an atoms always equals

A

Number of protons

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43
Q

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is an atoms

A

Atomic number

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44
Q

The ______ of an atom is the sum of its protons and neutrons

A

Mass number

Ex: Na has 11 protons and 12 neutrons which make mass number 23

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45
Q

Atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons and different mass numbers

A

Isotopes

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46
Q

Number of electrons of an atom determines its

A

Chemical properties

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47
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A

Unstable and emit radiation

Either subatomic particles or packets of energy and transform into different element

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48
Q

Number of protons on an atom

A

ATOMIC NUMBER

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49
Q

Number of protons AND neurons in an atom

A

MASS NUMBER

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50
Q

Average mass of all STABLE atoms of a given element

A

ATOMIC MASS

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51
Q

Atomic structures and stable atoms

A
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52
Q

Chemistry is the science of ___ and interactions of ___

A

Structure
Matter

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53
Q

All forms of matter are composed into

A

Chemical elements

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54
Q

Atoms consist of nucleus which contains ____ and ___ plus ___ that move in regions called electron shells

A

Protons
Neutrons
Electrons

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55
Q

An atoms that gives up or gains electrons becomes

A

An ion

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56
Q

Negatively charged ions are called

A

Anions

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57
Q

Half life

A

Time for half of radioactive atoms in sample of isotope to decay into a more stable form

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58
Q

Dalton (atomic mass unit)

A

Standard unit for measuring mass of atoms and subatomic particles

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59
Q

Compound

A

Substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements

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60
Q

Free radical

A

Atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell

Can make free radical unstable, highly reactive mix and destructive to nearby molecules

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61
Q

Examples of compounds

A

Water (H2O) and sodium chloride (NACI)

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62
Q

Ion is an atom that has ___ and ___ charge because it has unequal number of protons and electrons

A

Positive
Negative

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63
Q

Process of giving up or gaining electrons

A

Ionization

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64
Q

When two or more atoms share electrons, the resulting combination is called

A

Molecule

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65
Q

Molecule may consist of two ___ of the same kind, such as oxygen molecule

A

Atoms

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66
Q

Forces that hold together atoms of a molecule or compound

A

Chemical bonds

Depends on number of electrons in its outer shell

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67
Q

Electrons in outermost shell of an atom

A

Valence shell

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68
Q

How valence electrons form chemical bonds

A

By interacting with the valence electrons of other atoms. When atoms come close together, their valence electrons can be shared, transferred, or attracted to form stable chemical bonds. This allows atoms to achieve a full outer electron shell, making them more stable.

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69
Q

How many trace elements make up total body mass?

A

14

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70
Q

Electrons move about the nucleus which contains

A

Protons and neutrons

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71
Q

In the electron cloud model, shading represents chance of finding an electron in regions ___ the ____

A

Outside
Nucleus

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72
Q

In the electron shell model, filled circles represent individual electrons, which are grouped into concentric circles according to

A

The shells they occupy

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73
Q

Both the electron cloud model and electron shell model has a carbon atom with six protons, six neutrons, and six electrons

A
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74
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Connections between atoms that hold them together to form molecules and compounds

“Glue” that holds atoms together in a molecule

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75
Q

Valence shell

A

Outermost shell/energy level of an atom, where electrons are involved in chemical reactions

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76
Q

Which of the following statements about valence shells are incorrect?

77
Q

Which of the following would have an unpaired electron in its outer shell?

A

Free radical

78
Q

Which of the following would allow easy determination of the number of shared electrons in a molecule?

A

Structural formula

79
Q

In a chemical reaction, the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products

80
Q

A stick of dynamite would be an example of what type of energy?

A

Potential energy

81
Q

A catalyst would lower the activation energy of a reaction

82
Q

The synthesis reactions that take place in the body are referred to as ____reactions while the decomposition reactions are referred to as ____reactions

A

Anabolic
Catabolic

83
Q

Oxidation reduction reactions are important to life because they break down food molecules to produce energy

84
Q

Inorganic and organic compounds differ in that

A

Inorganic compounds lack carbon

85
Q

The concentration of a solution may be expressed as percentage or by moles per liter, which expresses the total number of molecules in a litre of solution

86
Q

Water is important in the body because

87
Q

Bio carbonate ions regulate the concentration of hydrogen ions in the body by removing excess hydrogen ions or by adding hydrogen ions

88
Q

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures are called

89
Q

Carbs are classified based on

90
Q

Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis both involve water molecules

91
Q

Can, protect and insulate, serve as building blocks for hormones, provide and store, energy, and provide cell membrane components

92
Q

ATP synthase

A

Catalyzes the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

93
Q

If an atom either gives up or gains electrons, it becomes a

94
Q

Ionization

A

Giving up or gaining electrons

95
Q

Two or more atoms sharing electrons is called

96
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different mass numbers

Stable
Structure does not change over time

97
Q

Difference between isotopes and radioactive isotopes

A

Isotopes are stable, and radioactive isotopes are unstable

98
Q

Half-life of an isotope is the time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample of the isotope to

A

Decay into more stable form

99
Q

Measuring the mass of atoms and their subatomic particles

100
Q

Ionic bond

A

The force of attraction that holds together ions with opposite charges (+-) is

101
Q

Cations and anions

A

Cations are ions that are positively charged. Anions are ions that are negatively charged. Ions are charged atoms or molecules. If a balanced atom loses one or more electrons, it will become a positively charged cation. If a balanced atom gains one or more electrons, it will become a negatively charged anion

102
Q

Electrolyte

A

Ionic compound that breaks apart into positive and negative ions

103
Q

Common ions in the body

104
Q

Covalent bond

A

2 or more atoms SHARE electrons

Does NOT gain or loose them

105
Q

Valence electrons

A

OUTTERMOST SHELL of atom

106
Q

The larger the number of electron pairs shared between two atoms, the stronger, the

A

Covalent bond

107
Q

Single covalent bond

A

2 atoms share ONE ELECTRON PAIR

108
Q

What is the main difference between an ionic bond and covalent bond?

A

The way that the atoms share their electrons

Iionic bond= one atom donates an electron to another atom, which results in the formation of ions with opposite charges that are attracted to each other. This type of bond typically forms between atoms with significantly different electronegativities.

covalent bond involves the sharing of electrons between two atoms, which can be either equal or unequal. In a covalent bond, the electrons are shared in such a way that each atom has a stable electron configuration. This type of bond typically forms between atoms with similar electronegativities.

109
Q

Double covalent bond

A

2 atoms share 2 pairs electrons

110
Q

Triple covalent bond

A

2 atoms share 3 electrons

111
Q

Surface tension

A

A measure of the difficulty of stretching, or breaking the surface of a liquid

112
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Forms when hydrogen atom with + partial charge attracts atom with - partial charge

Attraction of opposite charged parts of molecule

113
Q

Chemical reaction

A

New bonds form or old bond, brakes between atoms, the foundation of all life processes, and as we’ve seen the interaction of valence electrons are the basis of chemical reactions

114
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Release more energy than they absorb

115
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Absorb more energy than they release

116
Q

Energy released from an exergonic reaction often is used to drive a

A

Enderogonic one

117
Q

Activation energy

A

Collision energy needed to break chemical bonds of the reactants

This starts a reaction

118
Q

Catalysts ___ up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

119
Q

Concentration

A

The more particles of matter present in a confined space, the greater the chance that they will collide

120
Q

Temperature

121
Q

The most important catalyst in the body are

122
Q

Catalyst

A

Chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur

123
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons /releases energy

124
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons / GAINS energy

125
Q

Oxidation reduction reactions

A

Break down food molecules to produce energy

126
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are formed between the bases cytosine and guanine?

A

THREE

nitrogenous bases pain together through hydrogen bonds

127
Q

Which monosaccharide is found in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

Building block of DNA, the molecule that carries inherited genetic info

128
Q

The mass number of an atom is determined by

A

Proton and neutron number

129
Q

When two atoms share two pairs of electrons a ____ is formed

A

Double covalent bond

130
Q

During ____ reactions do not require oxygen

131
Q

Catalysts ___ the energy of activation

132
Q

Truth about PH scales

A

Any PH above 7 is basic, below is acidic

Scale ranges from 0-14

PH of 7 has equal concentrations of H+ and OH-

133
Q

One characteristic shared by all organic molecules is

A

All have carbon skeletons

134
Q

If atom has 19 protons and a mass number of 39, how many neutrons does element have

A

39-19= 20

Mass number subtracted by protons

135
Q

If an atom has 11 protons, 12 neutrons, and 11 electrons what’s the mass number?

A

11+12= 23

(Add protons and neutrons together for mass number)

136
Q

Correct ions of sodium and chlorine

137
Q

If the valence shell, in this case, the second shell, of an atom has 2 electrons, then how many more electrons does it need to be stable?

A

6

Valence shell can hold max of 8 electrons, since 2 are already there is would need 6 more to be stable

138
Q

Hydrogen one valence electron makes one bind with other atoms

139
Q

Neon does not participate in bond formation with other atoms. This is because it has ___electrons in its outer shell

A

8

This means its full and stable already

140
Q

ATP -> ADP + P what kind of reaction is this?

A

Exerogonic, it releases energy one phosphate group is removed from ATP to form ADP

141
Q

In the reaction 2H2 +O2 -> 2H2O, water is considered this

142
Q

What is NOT true about enzymes?

A

Raised the amount of energy required to start a reaction

143
Q

Exerogonic reactions

A

Release energy, are coupled to endogenic reactions, or catabolic

144
Q

If the pH of a solution is decreased from 4 to 3

A

The concentration of hydrogen ions has increased 10 times

145
Q

If chlorine has an atomic mass of 35 and a hydrogen has atomic mass of one, then one mole of HCI would be

A

36g

Amol has amount of any substance that a mass in grams equal to the sum of the atomic masses of all of its atoms. If chlorine has an atomic mass of 35 and a hydrogen has an atomic mass of one, then one mole of HCI would be 36 g.

146
Q

An unsaturated fatty acid must contain at least __ double bonds

147
Q

Which is the only functional group of organic molecules that contain nitrogen

148
Q

A hydroxyl group is found

A

In alcohols

149
Q

A hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl group attached is

A

Fatty acid

150
Q

Which type of lipid is used to produce triglycerides and phospholipids

A

Fatty acids

151
Q

Fatty acids consist of

A

Carboxyl group and hydrocarbon chain

Can also be catabolized to produce ATP

152
Q

Fatty acids with a single covalent bond between carbons are called

153
Q

Which type of lipid is responsible for digestion

154
Q

Types of lipids in the body

155
Q

Which type of lipid provides insulation and long-term energy energy storage

A

Triglycerides

156
Q

Which of the following could be produced by combining one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules

157
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Transport lipids in the blood, carry triglycerides and cholesterol to tissue, and remove excess cholesterol from blood

158
Q

Vitamin K

A

Required for synthesis of blood clotting proteins

159
Q

Vitamin E

A

Promotes wound, healing, prevents tissue, scarring, contributes to normal structure and function of nervous system, and function as an antioxidant

160
Q

Carotenes

A

Needed for synthesis of vitamin A (used to make visual pigments in eye) function as antioxidants

161
Q

Eiconsanoids (prostaglandins/leukotrienes)

A

Have diverse effects on modifying responses to hormones, blood, clotting, inflammation, immunity, summit acid, secretion, airway, diameter, lipid breakdown, and smooth muscle contraction

162
Q

Steroids

A

Cholesterol
Bile salts
Vit D
Sex hormones
Adrenocortical hormones

163
Q

Cholesterol (steroid)

A

Minor component of all animal cell membranes, persecutor of bile salts, vitamin D, and steroid hormones

164
Q

Bile salts (steriod)

A

Needed for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids

165
Q

Vit D (steroid)

A

Helps regulate calcium level in the body, needed for bone growth and repair

166
Q

Adrenocortical hormones (steroid)

A

Helps regulate metabolism, resistance to stress, and saltwater balance

167
Q

Sex hormones (steroids)

A

Stimulate reproductive functions and sexual characteristics

168
Q

Phospholipids

A

Major, lipid component of cell membranes

169
Q

Triglycerides (fats and oils)

A

Protection, insulation, energy storage

170
Q

Fatty acids

A

Synthesizes, triglycerides, phospholipids, or catabolized to generate ATP

171
Q

What’s ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

172
Q

Fatty acids with double bonds are called

A

Unsaturated

173
Q

How many carbon atoms does sucrose have

174
Q

Storage form of carbs in plants is____ whereas in animals, it is___

A

Starch, glycogen

175
Q

Which type of lipid is persecutor in steroid hormones

A

Cholesterol

176
Q

Triglycerides are composed of____ molecules, and a molecule of___

A

Three fatty acids, glycerol

177
Q

An enzyme lipase would break down which of the following

A

Triglycerides

178
Q

The shape of protein is

A

Maintained by hydrogen bonds, determined by the primary structure, directly related to function

179
Q

In DNA, adenine always pairs with

180
Q

Enzyme required to catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP is

181
Q

What of the following are double ringed purines?

A

Adenine and guanine

182
Q

All of the following react to form ATP in a muscle cell

A

Energy, phosphate, group, ADP

183
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy stored by matter due to its position

184
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy associated with matter in motion

185
Q

Form of potential energy that is stored in the bonds of compounds and molecules

A

Chemical energy

186
Q

Conversion of energy from one form to another, generally releases___ which which is used to maintain normal body temperature

187
Q

Exergonic

A

GIVE AWAY MORE ENERGY

188
Q

Endergonic

A

TAKE IN MORE ENERGY

189
Q

Activation energy

A

Collision energy needed to break chemical bonds for reactants

BIOL 235 Chapter 1-10 Midterm 1 Review (3 decks)

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