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BIOL 235 Chapter 1-10 Midterm 1 Review > Chapter 1 BIOL 235 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 BIOL 235 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Body structures and relationships among them

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2
Q

Dissection

A

Cutting apart of body structures and to study their relationships

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3
Q

Physiology

A

Body functions

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4
Q

levels of structural organization (6)

A

Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism

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5
Q

Chemical level of organization

A

-Very basic level
-Building blocks of matter
-Includes atoms and molecules

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6
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions (hydrogen, calcium, iron etc)

Consists of nuclei and electrons

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7
Q

Molecules

A

Two or more atoms joined together that share electrons (example is H2O = two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen)

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8
Q

Cellular level

A

Molecules combine to form cells

(smooth muscle, nerve, RBCs, epithelial)
-composed of chemicals

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9
Q

Tissue level

A

Cells combine to form tissues

-group of similar cells and their intracellular substance join together to perform specific function

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10
Q

Four main tissues

A

-Epithelial
-Connective
-Muscular
-Nervous

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11
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers body surface, lines hollow organs/cavities, and forms glands
(skin and passages in body)

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12
Q

Connective tissue

A

Connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues

(Tendons and ligaments such as cartilage, bone, blood, lymph)

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13
Q

Muscular tissue

A

Contracts to make body parts move and generates heat

(Skeletal, cardiac, smooth, muscle)

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14
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses

(Neurons, brain, spinal cord - coordination/controlling body activity, muscle contraction, awareness of environment, emotions, memory, reasoning)

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15
Q

Organ level

A

Different types of tissues joined together, two or more different types of tissues

(Specific functions/recgognizable shapes)

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16
Q

System level (organ-system level)

A

Related organs with common functions (sometimes organ is apart of more than one system)

(Ex: digestive system: mouth, glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder)

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17
Q

Organism level

A

All parts of human body functioning together to constitute an organism

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18
Q

Cells are the___ living units in the human body

A

Smallest

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19
Q

What are the 11 systems in the human body?

A

Skin
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Lymphatic
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

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20
Q

Important life processes

A

Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction

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21
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all chemical processes that occur on the body

Catabolism: breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

Anabolism: building up of complex chemical substances from smaller to simpler components

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22
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

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23
Q

Anabolism

A

Building UP of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components. Ex:digestive processes breakdown proteins in foods into amino acids - amino acids are used to build new proteins that make up structures of muscle and bones

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24
Q

Responsiveness

A

Detect and respond to changes

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25
Q

Movement

A

Motion of whole body, organs, cells, and tiny structures inside of cell

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26
Q

Growth

A

Increase in body size that results from increase cell size/number of cells or both

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27
Q

Differentiation

A

Development of a cell from unspecialized to specialized state

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28
Q

Stem cells

A

Precursor cells that can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation

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29
Q

Reproduction

A

Refers to either: the formation of new cells/tissue growth/repair/replace OR production of new individual

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30
Q

Skin system organs/functions

A

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands (sweat/oil), hair, and nails

Regulates body temperature, protects body, eliminating wastes, cell fluid maintenance, synthesis of Vitamin D, and detection of stimuli (pain,temp)

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31
Q

Skeletal system organs/functions

A

Bones, joints, cartilages

Supports the body/protects internal organs, provides surface area for muscle attachments, helps with movement, house cells that produce RBCs, stores minerals and lipids

It is held together by ligaments and moved at the joints by the muscles, which are attached to it.

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32
Q

Muscular system organs/functions

A

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.
(Specifically skeletal muscle tissue)

Movement of the body, maintains posture, and produces heat. Cardiac muscle can circulate blood throughout the body

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33
Q

Nervous system organs/functions

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs (eyes/ears)

Generates action potentials to regulate body activities (controls body functions) detects changes in environment (internal/external), interprets changes, responds to muscular contractions/glandular secretions

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34
Q

Endocrine system organs/functions

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal body, ovaries/testes (hormone producing glands/cells)

Releases hormones into the bloodstream which travels to cells in other parts of the body to help control mood, growth, development, organ function, metabolism, and reproduction.

35
Q

Cardiovascular system organs/functions

A

Heart, blood vessels, and blood

Heart pumps blood through vessels which transports nutrients/oxygen to cells and CO2/wastes away from cells. Carries blood to all parts of the body and to carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs.

Helps regulate acid base balance, temp, water content of body, blood components that help defend against diseases and repair damaged blood vessels

36
Q

Lymphatic system organs/functions

A

Bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, tonsils

Maintenance of fluid balance, facilitation of the absorption of dietary fats from the gastrointestinal tract to the bloodstream for metabolism or storage, enhancement and facilitation of the immune system (B and T cells)

37
Q

Respiratory system organs/functions

A

Nose, mouth, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), windpipe (trachea), airways (bronchi) and lungs

Transfers, oxygen from inhaled air to blood and CO2 from blood to exhale air, helps regulate acid base balance of body fluids, air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produce sounds

38
Q

Digestive system organs/functions

A

Hollow organs of GI tract (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus). AND accessory/solid organs (salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder)

Physical and chemical breakdown of foods, absorbing nutrients/eliminating wastes

39
Q

Urinary system organs/ functions

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Removes waste from your blood in the form of urine, regulates blood volume/pressure, controls the level of chemicals and salts (electrolytes) in your body’s cells and blood, acid base balance

40
Q

Reproductive system organs/functions

A

MALE testes (sperm), penis, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts and urethra.

FEMALE ovaries (eggs/oocytes), fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina and vulva

To produce egg and sperm cells. To transport and sustain these cells. To nurture the developing offspring. To produce hormones.

41
Q

Feedback system

A

Cycle of events in which the status of the body condition is

Monitored
Evaluated
Changed
Remonitered
Reevaluated etc.

42
Q

Three components of feedback system

A

Receptor: monitors change in controlled condition and send nerve impulses of chemical signals to the control center

Control Centre: receives input and provides nerve impulse and chemical signal (evaluates input) and geneeates output commands as needed

Effector: receives output from control center (decision) that brings out change or response that alters controlled condition (produces response)

43
Q

Negative feedback system

A

Reverses change in controlled condition

Example: regulation of blood pressure, PH, and hormone regulation to maintain homeostasis

44
Q

Postive feedback system

A

Strengthen and reinforce a change in one of body’s controlled conditions

Example: childbirth, blood clotting, severe blood loss

45
Q

Anatomical position

A

Descriptions of any region or part of the human body assume that it is in a standard position of reference

46
Q

Prone position

A

Lying face down

47
Q

Supine

A

Lying face up

48
Q

Cephalic (head)

A

Consists of the Cranial (skull) and Facial (face). Protects brain.

49
Q

Cervical

A

Neck, supports the head and attaches to the trunk

50
Q

Trunk

A

Consists of thoracic (chest) abdomen, pelvis.

Each upper limb attaches to trunk including shoulder, armpit, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, hand.

Each lower limb also attaches to the trunk including buttocks, groin, thigh, knee, leg, ankle, foot

51
Q

Directional terms

A

To locate various body structures

Example: anterior and posterior

Posterior
52
Q

Superior

A

Toward the head or upper part of a structure

Example: heart is superior to the liver

53
Q

Inferior

A

AWAY from head or lower part of structure

Example: stomach is inferior to the lungs

54
Q

Anterior

A

Front of body/ nearer

Example: sternum is anterior to the heart

55
Q

Posterior

A

Nearer or back of body

Example: esophagus is posterior to the trachea

56
Q

Medial

A

Nearer to midline (left and right sides vertically)

Example: ulna is medial to the radius

57
Q

Lateral

A

Farther from midline

Example: lungs are lateral to heart

58
Q

Intermediate

A

Between two structures

Example: transverse colon is intermediate to ascending and descending colons

59
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side of body as another structure

Example: gallbladder and assessing colon are Ipsilateral

60
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side of body from another structure

Example: ascending and descending colon

61
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk, nearer to the origination of a structure

Example: the humerous is proximal to the radius

62
Q

Distal

A

Further, from the attachment of a limb to the trunk, farther from the origination of a structure

Example: the finger bones are distal to wrist bones

63
Q

Superficial

A

Toward or on the surface of a body

Example: ribs are superficial to lungs

64
Q

Deep

A

Away from surface of body

Example: ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back

65
Q

Planes and sections

A

Imaginary flat surfaces that passed through the body parts

66
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Vertical plane that divides body on right and left sides

67
Q

Planes

A

Frontal
Transverse
Parasagittal
Midsagittal (midline)
Oblique

68
Q

Body cavities

A

Spaces that enclose internal organs

69
Q

Cranial cavity/ vertebral canal

A

Formed by cranial bones and contains brain

Formed by vertebral column, and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves

70
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Chest cavity contains plural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum

Pleural: space between layers of pleura surrounding lungs

Pericardial: space between layers of pericardium surrounding heart

Mediastinum: central portion of thoracic cavity between lungs. Heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, blood vessels

71
Q

Andominopelvic cavity

A

Abdominal: stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, serious membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum

Pelvic: bladder, portions of large intestine, reproductive organs

72
Q

Regions and quadrants

A
73
Q

The superior part of a human, cephalic to neck. Superior or proximal of a structure

A

Head

74
Q

The part of the body to which upper and lower libs are attached

A

Trunk

75
Q

Inferior portion of the abdominal pelvic cavity that contains the urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, rectum, and internal female and male reproductive structures

A

Pelvic cavity

76
Q

A comma shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of the testes in which sperm undergo maturation

A

Epididymis

77
Q

A plane that divides the body or organs into left and right portions. Such a plane may be median, in which divisions are equal or parmedian medium in which divisions are unequal

A

Sagittal plane

78
Q

A soft, jelly like substance that fills the vitreous chamber of the eyeball, lying between the lens and the retina

A

Vitreous body

79
Q

Small potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura

A

Pleural cavities

80
Q

A cavity inferior to the diaphragm that is subdivided into a superior, abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity

A

Abdominopelvic cavity

81
Q

An organ of the body, either a muscle or gland, that is innervated by somatic or automatic motor neurons

A

Effector

82
Q

Quadrants

A

Divided by midsaggital and transverse line

RUQ
LUQ
RLQ
LLQ

83
Q

Names of the nine abdominopelvic regions

A

Right hypochondriac
Left hypochondriac
Epigastric
Right lumbar
Left lumbar
Umbilical
Right inguinal (iliac)
Left inguinal (iliac)
Hypogastric (pubic)

BIOL 235 Chapter 1-10 Midterm 1 Review (3 decks)

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