Chapter 1 BIOL 235 Flashcards
Anatomy
Body structures and relationships among them
Dissection
Cutting apart of body structures and to study their relationships
Physiology
Body functions
levels of structural organization (6)
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism
Chemical level of organization
-Very basic level
-Building blocks of matter
-Includes atoms and molecules
Atoms
Smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions (hydrogen, calcium, iron etc)
Consists of nuclei and electrons
Molecules
Two or more atoms joined together that share electrons (example is H2O = two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen)
Cellular level
Molecules combine to form cells
(smooth muscle, nerve, RBCs, epithelial)
-composed of chemicals
Tissue level
Cells combine to form tissues
-group of similar cells and their intracellular substance join together to perform specific function
Four main tissues
-Epithelial
-Connective
-Muscular
-Nervous
Epithelial tissue
Covers body surface, lines hollow organs/cavities, and forms glands
(skin and passages in body)
Connective tissue
Connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues
(Tendons and ligaments such as cartilage, bone, blood, lymph)
Muscular tissue
Contracts to make body parts move and generates heat
(Skeletal, cardiac, smooth, muscle)
Nervous tissue
Carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses
(Neurons, brain, spinal cord - coordination/controlling body activity, muscle contraction, awareness of environment, emotions, memory, reasoning)
Organ level
Different types of tissues joined together, two or more different types of tissues
(Specific functions/recgognizable shapes)
System level (organ-system level)
Related organs with common functions (sometimes organ is apart of more than one system)
(Ex: digestive system: mouth, glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder)
Organism level
All parts of human body functioning together to constitute an organism
Cells are the___ living units in the human body
Smallest
What are the 11 systems in the human body?
Skin
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Lymphatic
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
Important life processes
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction
Metabolism
Sum of all chemical processes that occur on the body
Catabolism: breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
Anabolism: building up of complex chemical substances from smaller to simpler components
Catabolism
Breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
Anabolism
Building UP of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components. Ex:digestive processes breakdown proteins in foods into amino acids - amino acids are used to build new proteins that make up structures of muscle and bones
Responsiveness
Detect and respond to changes
Movement
Motion of whole body, organs, cells, and tiny structures inside of cell
Growth
Increase in body size that results from increase cell size/number of cells or both
Differentiation
Development of a cell from unspecialized to specialized state
Stem cells
Precursor cells that can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
Reproduction
Refers to either: the formation of new cells/tissue growth/repair/replace OR production of new individual
Skin system organs/functions
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands (sweat/oil), hair, and nails
Regulates body temperature, protects body, eliminating wastes, cell fluid maintenance, synthesis of Vitamin D, and detection of stimuli (pain,temp)
Skeletal system organs/functions
Bones, joints, cartilages
Supports the body/protects internal organs, provides surface area for muscle attachments, helps with movement, house cells that produce RBCs, stores minerals and lipids
It is held together by ligaments and moved at the joints by the muscles, which are attached to it.
Muscular system organs/functions
Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.
(Specifically skeletal muscle tissue)
Movement of the body, maintains posture, and produces heat. Cardiac muscle can circulate blood throughout the body
Nervous system organs/functions
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs (eyes/ears)
Generates action potentials to regulate body activities (controls body functions) detects changes in environment (internal/external), interprets changes, responds to muscular contractions/glandular secretions
Endocrine system organs/functions
hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal body, ovaries/testes (hormone producing glands/cells)
Releases hormones into the bloodstream which travels to cells in other parts of the body to help control mood, growth, development, organ function, metabolism, and reproduction.
Cardiovascular system organs/functions
Heart, blood vessels, and blood
Heart pumps blood through vessels which transports nutrients/oxygen to cells and CO2/wastes away from cells. Carries blood to all parts of the body and to carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs.
Helps regulate acid base balance, temp, water content of body, blood components that help defend against diseases and repair damaged blood vessels
Lymphatic system organs/functions
Bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, tonsils
Maintenance of fluid balance, facilitation of the absorption of dietary fats from the gastrointestinal tract to the bloodstream for metabolism or storage, enhancement and facilitation of the immune system (B and T cells)
Respiratory system organs/functions
Nose, mouth, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), windpipe (trachea), airways (bronchi) and lungs
Transfers, oxygen from inhaled air to blood and CO2 from blood to exhale air, helps regulate acid base balance of body fluids, air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produce sounds
Digestive system organs/functions
Hollow organs of GI tract (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus). AND accessory/solid organs (salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder)
Physical and chemical breakdown of foods, absorbing nutrients/eliminating wastes
Urinary system organs/ functions
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Removes waste from your blood in the form of urine, regulates blood volume/pressure, controls the level of chemicals and salts (electrolytes) in your body’s cells and blood, acid base balance
Reproductive system organs/functions
MALE testes (sperm), penis, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts and urethra.
FEMALE ovaries (eggs/oocytes), fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina and vulva
To produce egg and sperm cells. To transport and sustain these cells. To nurture the developing offspring. To produce hormones.
Feedback system
Cycle of events in which the status of the body condition is
Monitored
Evaluated
Changed
Remonitered
Reevaluated etc.
Three components of feedback system
Receptor: monitors change in controlled condition and send nerve impulses of chemical signals to the control center
Control Centre: receives input and provides nerve impulse and chemical signal (evaluates input) and geneeates output commands as needed
Effector: receives output from control center (decision) that brings out change or response that alters controlled condition (produces response)
Negative feedback system
Reverses change in controlled condition
Example: regulation of blood pressure, PH, and hormone regulation to maintain homeostasis
Postive feedback system
Strengthen and reinforce a change in one of body’s controlled conditions
Example: childbirth, blood clotting, severe blood loss
Anatomical position
Descriptions of any region or part of the human body assume that it is in a standard position of reference
Prone position
Lying face down
Supine
Lying face up
Cephalic (head)
Consists of the Cranial (skull) and Facial (face). Protects brain.
Cervical
Neck, supports the head and attaches to the trunk
Trunk
Consists of thoracic (chest) abdomen, pelvis.
Each upper limb attaches to trunk including shoulder, armpit, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, hand.
Each lower limb also attaches to the trunk including buttocks, groin, thigh, knee, leg, ankle, foot
Directional terms
To locate various body structures
Example: anterior and posterior
Superior
Toward the head or upper part of a structure
Example: heart is superior to the liver
Inferior
AWAY from head or lower part of structure
Example: stomach is inferior to the lungs
Anterior
Front of body/ nearer
Example: sternum is anterior to the heart
Posterior
Nearer or back of body
Example: esophagus is posterior to the trachea
Medial
Nearer to midline (left and right sides vertically)
Example: ulna is medial to the radius
Lateral
Farther from midline
Example: lungs are lateral to heart
Intermediate
Between two structures
Example: transverse colon is intermediate to ascending and descending colons
Ipsilateral
Same side of body as another structure
Example: gallbladder and assessing colon are Ipsilateral
Contralateral
On the opposite side of body from another structure
Example: ascending and descending colon
Proximal
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk, nearer to the origination of a structure
Example: the humerous is proximal to the radius
Distal
Further, from the attachment of a limb to the trunk, farther from the origination of a structure
Example: the finger bones are distal to wrist bones
Superficial
Toward or on the surface of a body
Example: ribs are superficial to lungs
Deep
Away from surface of body
Example: ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back
Planes and sections
Imaginary flat surfaces that passed through the body parts
Sagittal plane
Vertical plane that divides body on right and left sides
Planes
Frontal
Transverse
Parasagittal
Midsagittal (midline)
Oblique
Body cavities
Spaces that enclose internal organs
Cranial cavity/ vertebral canal
Formed by cranial bones and contains brain
Formed by vertebral column, and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
Thoracic cavity
Chest cavity contains plural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum
Pleural: space between layers of pleura surrounding lungs
Pericardial: space between layers of pericardium surrounding heart
Mediastinum: central portion of thoracic cavity between lungs. Heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, blood vessels
Andominopelvic cavity
Abdominal: stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, serious membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum
Pelvic: bladder, portions of large intestine, reproductive organs
Regions and quadrants
The superior part of a human, cephalic to neck. Superior or proximal of a structure
Head
The part of the body to which upper and lower libs are attached
Trunk
Inferior portion of the abdominal pelvic cavity that contains the urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, rectum, and internal female and male reproductive structures
Pelvic cavity
A comma shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of the testes in which sperm undergo maturation
Epididymis
A plane that divides the body or organs into left and right portions. Such a plane may be median, in which divisions are equal or parmedian medium in which divisions are unequal
Sagittal plane
A soft, jelly like substance that fills the vitreous chamber of the eyeball, lying between the lens and the retina
Vitreous body
Small potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura
Pleural cavities
A cavity inferior to the diaphragm that is subdivided into a superior, abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
An organ of the body, either a muscle or gland, that is innervated by somatic or automatic motor neurons
Effector
Quadrants
Divided by midsaggital and transverse line
RUQ
LUQ
RLQ
LLQ
Names of the nine abdominopelvic regions
Right hypochondriac
Left hypochondriac
Epigastric
Right lumbar
Left lumbar
Umbilical
Right inguinal (iliac)
Left inguinal (iliac)
Hypogastric (pubic)
