Chapter 2 - Basics - DNA, RNA, Genes, Genomics Flashcards
Molecular components of cells
Major structural components formed by Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
DNA > transcription > RNA > translation > proteins
Karyotype
way to study chromosome number and basic aspects of chromosome structure. Chromosomes can be aligned and paired based on staining pattern and size
Mitosis
One somatic cell divides to form two daughter cells, each with an identical copy of the parent cell DNA
Meiosis
One germ cell divides to create 4 daughter cells, which can be sperm or egg cells (4 sperm or 1 oocyte 3PBs)
DNA in each daughter cell is not an identical copy of the parent cell
Chromosome number is cut in half to the haploid number
Semiconservative replication
each helix contains one original (parental) DNA strand and one newly synthesized DNA strand
Helicase
Unwinds the parental double helix
Single Strand Binding protein
Stabilize the unwound parental DNA
DNA polymerase
synthesizes strands
primase
synthesizes a short RNA primer which is extended by DNA polymerase to form okazaki fragments
DNA ligase
Joins together okazaki fragments
Types of RNA that are produced by transcription
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, ncRNA
mRNA Processing
Three modifications made to mRNA - RNA splicing, 3’ PolyA tail, 5’ cap (guanine base containing methyl group
Gene regulation
How genes can be turned on and off in response to different signals
Post transnational Modifications
Functional groups, other proteins or peptides, changing the chemical nature of the amino acids, and structural changes
