Chapter 2 - Basic Exercise Science

Question 1

Human Movement System

Answer 1

The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.

Question 2

Nervous System

Answer 2

A conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body.

Question 3

Sensory function

Answer 3

The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the external or internal environment.

Question 4

Integrative function

Answer 4

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to lower the proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response.

Question 5

Motor function

Answer 5

The neuromuscular response to sensory information

Question 6

Proprioception

Answer 6

The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement

Question 7

Neuron

Answer 7

The functional unit of the nervous system

Question 8

Sensory (afferent) neurons

Answer 8

Transmit nerve impulses from effect or sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord

Question 9

Interneurons

Answer 9

Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another

Question 10

Motor (efferent) neurons

Answer 10

Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites

Question 11

Central nervous system

Answer 11

The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord

Question 12

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 12

Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body

Question 13

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 13

Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion and body tissues

Question 14

Muscle spindles

Answer 14

Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle in the rate of that change

Question 15

Golgi tendon organs

Answer 15

Receptors sensitive to change intention of the muscle and the rate of that change

Question 16

Joint receptors

Answer 16

Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint

Question 17

Skeletal system

Answer 17

The bodies framework, composed of bones and joints

Question 18

Bones

Answer 18

Provide arresting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs

Question 19

Joints

Answer 19

Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs. Also known as an articulation.

Question 20

Axial skeleton

Answer 20

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

Question 21

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 21

Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities

Question 22

Remodeling

Answer 22

The process of resorption and formation of bone

Question 23

Osteoclasts

Answer 23

A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue

Question 24

Osteoblasts

Answer 24

A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation

Question 25

Epiphysis

Answer 25

The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of the cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. They are also one of the primary site for bone growth.

Question 26

Diaphysis

Answer 26

The shaft portion of a long bone

Question 27

Epiphysis plate

Answer 27

The region of a long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs.

Question 28

Periosteum

Answer 28

A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps (invests) all bone, except that of the articulating surface in joints, which are covered by a synovial membrane

Question 29

Medullar cavity

Answer 29

The central cavity of bone shaft where marrow is stored

Question 30

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

Answer 30

Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones

Question 31

Depressions

Answer 31

Flattened or in dented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites

Question 32

Processes

Answer 32

Projections protruding from the bone or muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach

Question 33

Vertebral column

Answer 33

A series of a regularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord

Question 34

Arthrokinematics

Answer 34

Joint motion, with the three major motion types being roll, slide, and spin

Question 35

Synovial joints

Answer 35

Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body

Question 36

Nonsynovial joints

Answer 36

Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage

Question 37

Ligaments

Answer 37

Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement

Question 38

Muscular system

Answer 38

Series of muscles that moves the skeleton

Question 39

Epimysium

Answer 39

A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle

Question 40

Perimysium

Answer 40

The connections tissue that surrounds the fascicles

Question 41

Endomysium

Answer 41

The deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers

Question 42

Tendons

Answer 42

Connective tissue that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force

Question 43

Sarcomere

Answer 43

The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin

Question 44

Neural activation

Answer 44

The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation

Question 45

Motor unit

Answer 45

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

Question 46

Neurotransmitters

Answer 46

Chemical messengers that crosses the neuromuscular junction ( synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle

Question 47

Type I (slow twitch)

Answer 47

These are also known as endurance fibers. They are smaller, produce less power, receive more oxygen and are more mitochondrial dense

Question 48

Type II (fast twitch)

Answer 48

These do not have as much endurance, have less oxygen delivery, have short-term contractions, can produce more force and power and are larger than type I fibers

Question 49

Type IIx

Answer 49

These have a low oxidative capacity and or quick to fatigue

Question 50

Type IIa

Answer 50

These have a higher oxidative capacity and will fatigue slower than type IIx. Another name for these is intermediate fast twitch muscle fibers

Question 51

Excitation-contraction coupling (sliding filament theory)

Answer 51

This is the process where the nervous system stimulates a muscle in the body to contract

Question 52

Excitation-contraction coupling steps 1-5

Answer 52

1. Ach is released and binds with receptors that starts an action potential down the T Tubula. 2. This action potential initiates a calcium release (Ca2+). 3. The calcium then binds with troponin which stops the blocking action of tribal myosin that exposes the active binding site for actin. 4. The next thing that occurs is contraction by the myosin cross bridges that alternately detach and attach to actin. This brings the filaments closer to the middle of the sarcomere. In order for actin and myosin to detach every quires ATP. 5. The last step is that Tropomyosin comes back to its location and covers the actin active site. At this point, no more contractions happen.

Question 53

Agonist

Answer 53

This is the prime mover

Question 54

Synergist

Answer 54

This assists and helps the prime mover

Question 55

Stabilizer muscles

Answer 55

These help with stabilizing the joints and the body during movement

Question 56

Antagonist

Answer 56

These muscles relax in order to permit the prime mover to do its work