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CPT > Chapter 2 - Basic Exercise Science > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Basic Exercise Science Flashcards

1
Q

Human Movement System

A

The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.

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2
Q

Nervous System

A

A conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body.

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3
Q

Sensory function

A

The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the external or internal environment.

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4
Q

Integrative function

A

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to lower the proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response.

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5
Q

Motor function

A

The neuromuscular response to sensory information

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6
Q

Proprioception

A

The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement

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7
Q

Neuron

A

The functional unit of the nervous system

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8
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons

A

Transmit nerve impulses from effect or sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

Interneurons

A

Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another

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10
Q

Motor (efferent) neurons

A

Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites

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11
Q

Central nervous system

A

The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body

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13
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion and body tissues

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14
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle in the rate of that change

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15
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

Receptors sensitive to change intention of the muscle and the rate of that change

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16
Q

Joint receptors

A

Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint

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17
Q

Skeletal system

A

The bodies framework, composed of bones and joints

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18
Q

Bones

A

Provide arresting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs

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19
Q

Joints

A

Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs. Also known as an articulation.

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20
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

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21
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities

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22
Q

Remodeling

A

The process of resorption and formation of bone

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23
Q

Osteoclasts

A

A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue

24
Q

Osteoblasts

A

A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation

25
Q

Epiphysis

A

The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of the cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. They are also one of the primary site for bone growth.

26
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft portion of a long bone

27
Q

Epiphysis plate

A

The region of a long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs.

28
Q

Periosteum

A

A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps (invests) all bone, except that of the articulating surface in joints, which are covered by a synovial membrane

29
Q

Medullar cavity

A

The central cavity of bone shaft where marrow is stored

30
Q

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

A

Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones

31
Q

Depressions

A

Flattened or in dented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites

32
Q

Processes

A

Projections protruding from the bone or muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach

33
Q

Vertebral column

A

A series of a regularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord

34
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

Joint motion, with the three major motion types being roll, slide, and spin

35
Q

Synovial joints

A

Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body

36
Q

Nonsynovial joints

A

Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage

37
Q

Ligaments

A

Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement

38
Q

Muscular system

A

Series of muscles that moves the skeleton

39
Q

Epimysium

A

A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle

40
Q

Perimysium

A

The connections tissue that surrounds the fascicles

41
Q

Endomysium

A

The deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers

42
Q

Tendons

A

Connective tissue that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force

43
Q

Sarcomere

A

The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin

44
Q

Neural activation

A

The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation

45
Q

Motor unit

A

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

46
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that crosses the neuromuscular junction ( synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle

47
Q

Type I (slow twitch)

A

These are also known as endurance fibers. They are smaller, produce less power, receive more oxygen and are more mitochondrial dense

48
Q

Type II (fast twitch)

A

These do not have as much endurance, have less oxygen delivery, have short-term contractions, can produce more force and power and are larger than type I fibers

49
Q

Type IIx

A

These have a low oxidative capacity and or quick to fatigue

50
Q

Type IIa

A

These have a higher oxidative capacity and will fatigue slower than type IIx. Another name for these is intermediate fast twitch muscle fibers

51
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling (sliding filament theory)

A

This is the process where the nervous system stimulates a muscle in the body to contract

52
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling steps 1-5

A
  1. Ach is released and binds with receptors that starts an action potential down the T Tubula.
  2. This action potential initiates a calcium release (Ca2+).
  3. The calcium then binds with troponin which stops the blocking action of tribal myosin that exposes the active binding site for actin.
  4. The next thing that occurs is contraction by the myosin cross bridges that alternately detach and attach to actin. This brings the filaments closer to the middle of the sarcomere. In order for actin and myosin to detach every quires ATP.
  5. The last step is that Tropomyosin comes back to its location and covers the actin active site. At this point, no more contractions happen.
53
Q

Agonist

A

This is the prime mover

54
Q

Synergist

A

This assists and helps the prime mover

55
Q

Stabilizer muscles

A

These help with stabilizing the joints and the body during movement

56
Q

Antagonist

A

These muscles relax in order to permit the prime mover to do its work

CPT (5 decks)

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