Chapter 2: Basic Exercise Science Flashcards
Appendicular Skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities.
Arthrokinematics
Joint motion.
Axial skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column.
Central nervous system
Composed of the brain and spinal cord.
Depression
Flattened or indented portion of bone, which can be a muscle attachment site.
Golgi tendon organs
Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change. It tells the muscles to relax when they are contracted.
Integrative function
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response.
Interneurons
Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another.
Joint receptors
Receptors that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration in the joint.
Kinetic chain (Human movement system)
Ligament
Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement.
Mechanoreceptors
Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues.
Motor (efferent) neurons
Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites.
Motor unit
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.
Motor function
The neuro-muscular response to sensory information.
Muscle spindles
Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.
Nervous system
Communication network within the body
Neural activation
The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation.
Neuron
The functional unit of the nervous system.
Neurotransmitter
Chemical messengers that cross synapses to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.
Nonsynovial joint
Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage.
Peripheral nervous system
Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body.
Process
Projection protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach.
Sarcomere
The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin.
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites to the brain or spinal cord.
Sensory function
The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment
Synovial joints
Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body.
Tendons
Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force.
Sliding filament theory
Is the proposed process of how the contraction of the filaments within the sarcomere takes place, after a muscle has been given the order to contract via neural activation.
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Is the process of neural stimulation creating am uscle contraction. It involves a series of steps that start with the initiation of a neural message (neural activation) and end up with a muscle contraction (sliding filament theory)
Type I (Slow twitch) Muscle Fibers
More capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
Smaller in diameter
Increased oxygen delivery
Less force produced
Slow to fatigue
Long-term contractions (stabilization)
Also referred to as “red fibers” (because myoglobin is similar to hemoglobin, the red pigment in red blood cells)
Type II (Fast twitch) Muscle Fibers
Less capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
Decreased oxygen delivery
Larger in size
More force produced
Quick to fatigue
Short-term contractions
Also referred to as “white fibers”
Muscle type: Agonist
Muscle function: Prime mover
Muscle type: Synergist
Muscle function: Assist prime mover
Muscle type: Stabilizer
Muscle function: stabilize while agonist (prime mover) and synergist work
Muscle type: Antagonist
Muscle function: oppose agonist (prime mover)
Nonsynovial joint
No joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue; little or no movement
Example: sutures of the skull
Synovial joint
Produces synovial fluid, has a joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue
Gliding joint
No axis of rotation; moves by sliding side to side or back and forth.
Example: knee
Condyloid joint
Formed by the fitting of condyles of one bone into elliptical cavities of another; moves predominantly in one plane
Hinge joint
Uniaxial; moves predominantly in one plane of motion (sagittal)
Example: elbow
Saddle joint
One bone fits like a saddle on another bone; moves predominantly in two planes (sagittal, frontal)
Example: only the carpometacarpal joint of thumb
Pivot joint
Only one axis; moves predominantly in one plane of motion (transverse)
Example: radioulnar
Ball and socket joint
Most mobile of joints; moves in all three planes of motion
