Chapter 2: Basic Exercise Science

Question 1

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 1

Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities.

Question 2

Arthrokinematics

Answer 2

Joint motion.

Question 3

Axial skeleton

Answer 3

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column.

Question 4

Central nervous system

Answer 4

Composed of the brain and spinal cord.

Question 5

Depression

Answer 5

Flattened or indented portion of bone, which can be a muscle attachment site.

Question 6

Golgi tendon organs

Answer 6

Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change. It tells the muscles to relax when they are contracted.

Question 7

Integrative function

Answer 7

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response.

Question 8

Interneurons

Answer 8

Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another.

Question 9

Joint receptors

Answer 9

Receptors that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration in the joint.

Question 10

Kinetic chain (Human movement system)

Question 11

Ligament

Answer 11

Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement.

Question 12

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 12

Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues.

Question 13

Motor (efferent) neurons

Answer 13

Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites.

Question 14

Motor unit

Answer 14

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.

Question 15

Motor function

Answer 15

The neuro-muscular response to sensory information.

Question 16

Muscle spindles

Answer 16

Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.

Question 17

Nervous system

Answer 17

Communication network within the body

Question 18

Neural activation

Answer 18

The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation.

Question 19

Neuron

Answer 19

The functional unit of the nervous system.

Question 20

Neurotransmitter

Answer 20

Chemical messengers that cross synapses to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.

Question 21

Nonsynovial joint

Answer 21

Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage.

Question 22

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 22

Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body.

Question 23

Process

Answer 23

Projection protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach.

Question 24

Sarcomere

Answer 24

The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin.

Question 25

Sensory (afferent) neurons

Answer 25

Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites to the brain or spinal cord.

Question 26

Sensory function

Answer 26

The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment

Question 27

Synovial joints

Answer 27

Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body.

Question 28

Tendons

Answer 28

Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force.

Question 29

Sliding filament theory

Answer 29

Is the proposed process of how the contraction of the filaments within the sarcomere takes place, after a muscle has been given the order to contract via neural activation.

Question 30

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Answer 30

Is the process of neural stimulation creating am uscle contraction. It involves a series of steps that start with the initiation of a neural message (neural activation) and end up with a muscle contraction (sliding filament theory)

Question 31

Type I (Slow twitch) Muscle Fibers

Answer 31

More capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
Smaller in diameter
Increased oxygen delivery
Less force produced
Slow to fatigue
Long-term contractions (stabilization)

Also referred to as “red fibers” (because myoglobin is similar to hemoglobin, the red pigment in red blood cells)

Question 32

Type II (Fast twitch) Muscle Fibers

Answer 32

Less capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
Decreased oxygen delivery
Larger in size
More force produced
Quick to fatigue
Short-term contractions

Also referred to as “white fibers”

Question 33

Muscle type: Agonist

Answer 33

Muscle function: Prime mover

Question 34

Muscle type: Synergist

Answer 34

Muscle function: Assist prime mover

Question 35

Muscle type: Stabilizer

Answer 35

Muscle function: stabilize while agonist (prime mover) and synergist work

Question 36

Muscle type: Antagonist

Answer 36

Muscle function: oppose agonist (prime mover)

Question 37

Nonsynovial joint

Answer 37

No joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue; little or no movement

Example: sutures of the skull

Question 38

Synovial joint

Answer 38

Produces synovial fluid, has a joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue

Question 39

Gliding joint

Answer 39

No axis of rotation; moves by sliding side to side or back and forth.

Example: knee

Question 40

Condyloid joint

Answer 40

Formed by the fitting of condyles of one bone into elliptical cavities of another; moves predominantly in one plane

Question 41

Hinge joint

Answer 41

Uniaxial; moves predominantly in one plane of motion (sagittal)

Example: elbow

Question 42

Saddle joint

Answer 42

One bone fits like a saddle on another bone; moves predominantly in two planes (sagittal, frontal)

Example: only the carpometacarpal joint of thumb

Question 43

Pivot joint

Answer 43

Only one axis; moves predominantly in one plane of motion (transverse)

Example: radioulnar

Question 44

Ball and socket joint

Answer 44

Most mobile of joints; moves in all three planes of motion