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Biology Module 2 Foundations In Biology > Chapter 2 Basic Components Of Living Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Basic Components Of Living Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

State the different techniques of preparing slides

A

Wet mount
Dry mount
Squash slide
Smear slide

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2
Q

How is a dry mount slide prepared?

A

Specimen is thinly sliced and placed onto the slide with a cover slip over the top
Eg, hair, muscle, plant tissue

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3
Q

How is a wet mount prepared?

A

Specimen is suspended in a liquid
A cover slip is placed at an angle reducing air bubbles
A stain can be added by placing a drop next to the cover slip
Place a paper towel on the opposite end to draw the dye under
Eg, aquatic organisms

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4
Q

How is a squash slide prepared?

A

Wet mount prepared first
Lens tissue used to press down cover slip
The sample is squashed between the slides
Eg, root tip samples

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5
Q

How is a smear slide prepared?

A

Edge of slide smears sample onto another slide creating a thin even coating
Cover slip placed over sample
Eg, blood

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6
Q

Why is staining used to view biological specimens?

A

Increases visibility
Improves contrast

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7
Q

What is differential staining?

A

Techniques which involves many chemical stains being used to stain different parts of a cell in different colours.

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8
Q

Give examples of stains that are used to stain negatively charged materials

A

Positively charged
Crystal violet
Methylene blue

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9
Q

Give examples of stains used to stain the backgrounds of cells

A

Negatively charged cannot enter cells as cytosol repels them
Nigrosin
Congo red

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10
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability to distinguish between two close together objects

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11
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

Size of image / actual size of object

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12
Q

State the two types of electron microscopes

A

Transmission electron microscope
Scanning electron microscope

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13
Q

State the microscope with the highest resolution

A

TEM

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14
Q

State the microscope with the lowest resolution

A

Light microscope

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15
Q

State the microscope with the highest magnification

A

TEM

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16
Q

State the microscope with the lowest magnification

A

Light microscope

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17
Q

How does a TEM work?

A

Electromagnets focus a beam of electrons which are transmitted through the specimen.
Denser areas of specimen absorb more electrons and appear darker.

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18
Q

What image does a TEM create?

A

Black and white
2D

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19
Q

How does a SEM work?

A

Scans a beam of electrons across a specimen
Beam is reflected and the electrons are detected forming the image.

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20
Q

What image does a SEM create?

A

Black and white
3D

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21
Q

Give examples of stains used for electron microscopes

A

Samples are coated in heavy metals such as lead

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22
Q

Evaluate the use of TEM

A

Strength
Higher resolution- internal structures visible
Weakness
Live specimen cannot be viewed due to vacuum
Artefacts can distort viewing
Black and white image
Only thin specimens viewed

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23
Q

Evaluate use of SEM

A

Strength
View thick specimens
3D image
Weakness
Lower resolution
Live specimen cannot be observed
Black and white image

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24
Q

What are artefacts?

A

A detail caused by the preparation of a specimen, not an actual feature.

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25
Q

Why are artefacts more likely to occur using electron microscopes?

A

Longer preparation process than light microscopes- more likely to damage specimens

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26
Q

State the function of the plasma membrane in cells

A

Controls the movements of substances into and out of the cell
Contains receptors which have a role in cell signalling

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27
Q

State the function of the cell wall

A

Provides structural support to plant cells

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28
Q

Describe the structure of the Nucleus

A

Organelle surrounded by a double membrane nuclear envelope containing pores.
Contains chromatin and nucleolus

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29
Q

State the function of the nucleus

A

Controls cells activities - eg, controlling transcription of DNA
Contains coded genetic information in form of DNA

30
Q

State the function of the nuclear pores

A

Allow substances to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm

31
Q

State the structure of the nucleolus

A

Made from proteins and RNA

32
Q

State the function of the nucleolus

A

Produces ribosomes

33
Q

State the structure of a lysosome

A

A round organelle surrounded by a membrane with no internal structure

34
Q

State the function of the lysosome

A

Contains hydrolytic enzymes used to digest invading cells or breaking down waste material.
Also involved in apoptosis.

35
Q

State the structure of the ribosome

A

Organelle not surrounded by a membrane that is found in the cytoplasm or is bound to the RER.
Made up of proteins and RNA

36
Q

State the function of ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

37
Q

Describe the structure of the RER

A

Contains a series of connected flattened membrane bound sacs called cisternae studded with ribosomes

38
Q

State the function of the RER

A

Folds and processes proteins that have been synthesised at ribosomes

39
Q

Describe the structure of the SER

A

Series of connected flattened membrane bound sacs called cisternae that have no ribosomes

40
Q

State the function of the SER

A

Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage

41
Q

State the structure of a vesicle

A

Fluid filled membrane bound sac

42
Q

State the function of vesicles

A

Transports substances into and out of the cell and between organelles.

43
Q

Describe the structure of the Golgi Apparatus

A

Group of fluid filled flattened membrane bound sacs
Vesicles often seen at the edges of the Golgi apparatus

44
Q

State the function of the Golgi apparatus

A

Processes and packages new lipids and proteins into vesicles
Also forms lysosomes

45
Q

Describe the structure of the mitochondria

A

Surrounded by a double membrane
The inner membrane is folded (for a large surface area) to form cristae.
Also contains a fluid interior known as the matrix which contains enzymes used in aerobic respiration and mitochondrial DNA.

46
Q

State the function of mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced.
Found in large numbers in cells that are active and require a lot of energy.

47
Q

Describe the structure of the cytoskeleton

A

Network of fibres that make up the shape and stability of the cell.

48
Q

State the components of the cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate fibres

49
Q

State the function of the cytoskeleton

A

-Providing mechanical strength to cells to maintain its shape
-Transport of materials within the cell
- Proteins of the cytoskeleton can cause the cell to move- eg, cilia and flagella
-Microtubules and microfilaments support the cells organelles keeping them in position.

50
Q

What are Microtubules?

A

Protein cylinders
-determine shape of cell
-aid movement of organelles including vesicles

51
Q

What are Microfilaments?

A

Contractile fibres
-Cell movement and cell contraction (cytokinesis)

52
Q

What are intermediate fibres?

A

Give mechanical strength to cells and maintain integrity

53
Q

What are spindle fibres made from?

A

Microtubules

54
Q

State how Microtubules and Microfilaments can be prevented from functioning

A

Respiratory inhibitors as they requires energy from respiration

55
Q

Describe to structure of the chloroplast

A

Small flattened structure surrounded by a double membrane.
Contains fluid interior of stroma
Contain internal membranes called thylakoids, several thylakoids stack to form grana.
Grana are linked by lamellae membranes which are thin, flattened pieces of thylakoid membranes.

56
Q

State the function of chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis
Some parts of photosynthesis happen in Grana, other happen in stroma

57
Q

State the structure of the cell wall

A

Plant cell walls are composed of cellulose
Fungi cell wall composed of chitin
Bacteria cell wall composed of Peptidoglycan
Freely permeable

58
Q

State the structure of centrioles

A

Small, hollow cylinders made of Microtubules
Occur in pairs to form a centrosome

59
Q

State the function of the centriole

A

Involved in the production of spindle fibres to organise the positioning of chromosomes
Position flagella and cilia

60
Q

Describe the structure of cilia

A

Small hair like structures found on the surface membranes of animal cells
Cross section consists of an outer membrane and a ring of 9 pairs of protein Microtubules with two Microtubules in the middle
9 + 2 formation

61
Q

State the function of cilia

A

Microtubules allow cilia to move
Cilia help to move substances along cell surface by moving in a rhythmic wafting motion

62
Q

Describe the structure of the flagella

A

Cross section has a ring of 9 pairs of protein Microtubules with two at the centre which stick out from cell surface
Surrounded by a plasma membrane

63
Q

State the function of flagella

A

Microtubules contract making flagellum move
Propel the cell forward

64
Q

State the organelles involved in protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes/ RER
Vesicles
Golgi apparatus

65
Q

Describe the process of protein synthesis

A

Proteins are synthesise at the ribosomes
Proteins produced at the RER are folded and processed in the RER
They are transported from the RER to the Golgi apparatus in vesicles
At Golgi apparatus the proteins are modified and packaged into secretory vesicles
The vesicles are carried to the cell surface membrane where it fuses and releases the protein by exocytosis.

66
Q

What type of proteins are made at the RER?

A

Proteins which are excreted or attach to cell membrane

67
Q

What type of proteins are made at free ribosomes?

A

Proteins which stay in the cytoplasm

68
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

Single celled organisms without a nucleus and no membrane bound organelles

69
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Make up multicellular organisms, contain a nucleus and membrane bound structures

70
Q

Describe the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotic cell are extremely small while eukaryotic cells are much larger
Prokaryotes have circular DNA while eukaryotic cells have linear DNA
Prokaryotes have no nucleus (DNA free in cytoplasm), eukaryotes have DNA enclosed in a nucleus
Prokaryotes have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, eukaryotes have no cell wall in animals, cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi
Prokaryotic cells have small 70s ribosomes while eukaryotic cells have 80s ribosomes
Prokaryotes have a flagella made of protein flagellin arranged in a helix, in eukaryotes flagella is made of Microtubules proteins arranged in 9 + 2

71
Q

Describe the similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Both have a plasma membrane
Both have cytoplasm
Both have ribosomes

Biology Module 2 Foundations In Biology (7 decks)

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