Chapter 2 (AP Psych Textbook) Flashcards
Everything related to the psychological (related to the mental and emotional state) is tied to the biological
To think, act or feel you must use your body.
Biology and Psychology influences on _______
Behavior
Phrenology was proposed in the 1800s by German physician Franz Gall it stated that:
By studying the bumps on a person’s skull, their mental cabibalities and caharacter traits can be revealed.
A humorist named Mark Twain ______ phrenology and found that when getting tested by different phrenologists he would get _______ results
A humorist named Mark Twain TESTED phrenology and found that when getting tested by different phrenologists he would get DIFFERENT results
Localization of Function
The idea that various brain regions have they’re own functions
Although, the popularity of Phrenology eventually _____ ____. It suceeeded in focusing attention on localization of function
Although, the popularity of Phrenology eventually died down. It suceeeded in focusing attention onto ___________ of ________
Biological Perspective:
Concerned with the links between biology and behavior.
Psychologiststs working in nueroscience, behavior genetics, evolutionary psychology work specialize in :
the Biological Perspective
What do Phrenology and the Biological Perspective have in common?
They both focus on how biology is linked to behavior, however phrenology died out because it had no scientific basis.
Biological Perspective study the link between biological activity and psychological events to discover things about the interplay between the ____, ______ and _______
Interplay between the MIND, BEHAVIOR & BIOLOGY
Researchers studying to understand the biology of the mind have discovered the following:
1) The body is made of ______
2) Nerve cells do 2 things to one
3) They do this by:
1) Cells
2) Nerves conduct electricity and communicate with another
3) sending chemical messages across a tiny gap that seperates them
Researchers studying to understand the biology of the mind have discovered the following:
4) Specific Brain systems serve specific _______ (though not the functions Gall supposed)
5) Humans Integrate information _________ in these different brain systems to construct our experience of _____ and ______, _____ and ______, _____ and _____
4) Specific Brain systems serve specific functions (though not the functions Gall supposed)
5) Humans Integrate information PROCESSED in these different brain systems to construct our experience of SIGHTS & SOUNDS MEANING and MEMORIES, PAIN and PASIION
Researchers studying to understand the biology of the mind have discovered the following:
6) Our adaptive brain is wired by ______
7) The body is made of systems which are made up of __________ that are composed of even smaller _________
EXPERIENCE
7) The body is made of systems which are made up of SUBSYSTEMS that are composed of even smaller SUBSYSTEMS
We are made of cells, that make up organs, that make up systems that make up an individual that make up a community and so on. Thus we are _________________ systems
Biopsychosocial systems.
Biopsychosocial system
To understand ourselves we have to understand how these biological, psychological and social systems work and interact. It is an integrated approach to psychology that incorporates three different perspectives and types of analysis: biological, psychological, and social-cultura
Animals and Humans’s information systems are very similar. So similar you could compare a small sample of brain tissue between a monkey and human. This similarity allows researchers to?
Study other mammmal’s brains to understand human brain small animals are studied to understand neural systems.
Though a human brains more complex than a rat they both operate on the same principles. Cars differs but all have engines, acelerators etc.
Nueron
A nerve cell & the basic building block of the nervous system
Each nueron consists of a cell ____ and its branching dibers (_______)
CELL BODY and DENDRITES
Dendrites
A neuron’s bushy, branching extensions that recieve messages and conduct impulses and conduct it toward the cell body
Axon
The nueron extension that passes messages through from the dendrites to other nuerons or to muscles or glands
Dendrites Listen; Axon speak
Myelin Sheath
A fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some nuerons it insulates the axon and enables vastly greater speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next.
Myelin Sheath is laid down up to about age 25, what 3 things happens
Neural efficency, judgement and self control grows
If Myelin Sheath degenerates , multiple sclerosis results
Communication to muscles slow,
with eventual loss of muscle control
Nuerons transmit messages when they are stimulated by
Signals from our senses or triggerred or when triggerred by chemical signals from neighboring neurons.
In response to the stimuluis the neuron fires an impulse called, ________ ________
Action potential, a brief electrical charge that runs down the axon that allows nuerons to communicate
Neurons generate electrcicity from _______ events
Chemical events
When a nueron fires an action potential, in what order does it travel through the nueron?
Dendrites to Axon to Axon;s terminal brances
In neuron’s chemistry - electricity process, ions (electrically charged ions) are exchanged.
The fluid oustside the axon’s membrane has mostly _________ charged ions
Positivley
A resting axon’s fluid interior has mostly _________ charged
negativley charged
Resting potential
The previously mentioned positive-outside/negative-inside state of the axon
The axon’s is selectivley permeable
Can pick and chose what comes in and out
When the nueron fires
1) the axon open/closes it’s gates
Axon opens it gates
When the nueron fires
1) The axon open it’s gates
2) _______ cations/anions come flowing through the cell membrane.
SODIUM CATIONS come flowing through the cell membrane.
When the nueron fires
1) the axon open it’s gates
2) Sodium Cations come flowing through the cell membrane. This then:
3) ________ this axon section, causing another axon channel to _____, and then another, which causes a domino effect (each causing the other to ____)
This then:
3) DEPOLARIZES this axon section, causing another axon channel to OPEN, and then another, which causes a domino effect (each causing the other to OPEN)
During a resting pause (refactory period) the neuron pumps the _____ _____ back outside. Then it can fire again
It’s like a refresh
Sodium cations back outside
Most signlas nuerons get are excitatory
Pushes a nueron’s accelerator
Some signals are inhibatory
More like pushing a nueron’s breaks
If a excitory signal - inhibatory signals exceed a certain minimum or ________ the combined signals trigger an action potential
threshold
Threshold
The level of stimulation required to trigger a nueral impulse
The action potential travels down the axon which branches off to hundreds or thousands of other _______ or with _______ and _______
The action potential travels down the axon which branches off to hundreds or thousands of other NUERONS or with MUSCLES and GLANDS
Increasing th elevel of intensity above the threshold will/will not
increase A stthe nueral impulse’s intensity
WLLL NOT
The nueron’s reaction is an all or non response
Like guns nuerons either fire or they don’t
How does the body detect the intensity of a stimulus? How do you distinguish from a gentle touch or a big hug?
A strong stimulus can trigger MORE NUERONS to fire, and to fire MORE OFTEN. But it does not affect the speed or strenghth of the action potential.
Squeezing a trigger harder doesn’t make a bullet go faster.
Neuro transmitter
Chemical messenger that diffuses across a synapse and excite or inhibit an adjacent neuron
Synapse
Meeting point between nuerons
Junction between the axon tip of the sending nueron and the dendrite or cell body of the recieving nueron.
Synaptic gap or Synaptic Cleft
Axon terminal of one terminal seperated from recieving nueron by a ______
The tiny gap at the synapse
How do nuerons send information over the synaptic gap?
Using nuerotransmitters
How do nuerons send information over the synaptic gap?
1) Electric impulses (action potentials) travel down a nuerons _____ until reaching a tiny junction called a _______
Electric impulses (action potentials) travel down a nuerons AXON until reaching a tiny junction called a SYNAPASE
How do nuerons send information over the synaptic gap?
1) Electric impulses (action potentials) travel down a nuerons AXON until reaching a tiny junction called a SYNAPASE
2) When the action potential reaches an axon terminal it stimulates the release of ____________ molecules
2) When the action potential reaches an axon terminal it stimulates the release of NUEROTRANSMITTER molecules
How do nuerons send information over the synaptic gap?
1) Electric impulses (action potentials) travel down a nuerons AXON until reaching a tiny junction called a SYNAPASE
2) When the action potential reaches an axon terminal it stimulates the release of NUEROTRANSMITTER molecules
3) The nuerotransmitter molecules cross the synpatic gap and bind to _________ ______ on the recieving nueron. This allows _________ ______ atoms to enter the reviecing nueron and EXCITE OR INHIBITE a new action potenial
3) The nuerotransmitter molecules cross the synpatic gap and bind to RECEPTER SITES on the recieving nueron. This allows ELECTRICALLLY CHARGED atoms to enter the reviecing nueron and EXCITE OR INHIBITE a new action potenial.
How do nuerons send information over the synaptic gap?
1) Electric impulses (action potentials) travel down a nuerons AXON until reaching a tiny junction called a SYNAPASE
2) When the action potential reaches an axon terminal it stimulates the release of NUEROTRANSMITTER molecules
3) The nuerotransmitter molecules cross the synpatic gap and bind to RECEPTER SITES on the recieving nueron. This allows ELECTRICALLLY CHARGED atoms to enter the reviecing nueron and EXCITE OR INHIBITE a new action potenial.
4) The ______ nueron normally reabsorbs excess _____________ molecules a process called reuptake
4) The SENDING nueron normally reabsorbs excess NUEROTRANSMITTER molecules a process called reuptake
Reuptake
A nueron’s reabsorbsion of it’s own excess nuerotransmitters that had been released earlier
Neurotransmitter Pathways
Each of the brain’s differing chemical messenger have designated pathways where it operates
Different Nuerotransmitter systems do/don’t work alone and do/don’t interact
Different Nuerotransmitter systems DONT work alone and interact with one another
Different Nuerotransmitter systems have same/different effects that vary with the receptors they stimulate
Different Nuerotransmitter systems have different effects that vary with the receptors they stimulate
Acetylcholine (ACh)
A nuerotransmitter associated with learning and memory
Acetylcholine (ACh) is the _____ at every junction between _____ nuerons and ____ muscles
Acetylcholine is the MESSENGER at every junction between MOTOR nuerons and SKELETAL muscles
When ACh is released to our muscle cell receptors, the muscle ______
When ACh is released to our muscle cell receptors, the muscle CONTRACTS
IF ACh transmission is blocked, which happens under some kinds of anesthesia, the muscles _____ contract and the person becomes __________
IF ACh transmission is blocked, which happens under some kinds of anesthesia, the muscles CANT contract and the person becomes PARALYZED
The brain produces its own naturally occuring _____
OPIATES
Morphine
An opiate drug that elevates mood and easies pain
Endorphins
“Morphine within” natural, opiatelike nuerotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure
The body releases several kinds of opiates related to pain and vigorous excersise, these endorphins help explain mood boosts (runners high, painkilling within apupuncture, indifference to pain in some severley injured people)
Why can’t we flood the body with artificial opiates to feel good all the time?
When flooded with opaiates like herion or morphine the body may STOP producing its own natural opiates. When drug is taken away the body is deprived of any opiates and will feel unconfort
Drugs and other chemicals affect synapses by either:
Exciting or inhibiting neurons from firing
Agonist molecules
Molecules that are sometimes similar enough to nuerotransmitters that they bind to its receptor and mimic it’s effects
Some opiates that are agonists and produce:
A temporary “high” by ampligying normal sensations of arousal or pleasure
Antagonists
Also bind to receptors but instead occupy nuerotransmitter’s receptor site and block its effect but is not similar enough to stimulate the receptor
Botulin
A poison that forms from imprerly canned food
Botulin can caus paralysis by blocking _____ release
causes paralysis by blocking ACH release
Nervous System
Electrocommunication network consisting of all nerve cells and of the peripheral and central nervous systems
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Made up of the brain and spinal cord and makes the body’s decisions
Peripheral Nervous Systems (PNS)
Gathers information and transfers CNS decisions to other body parts
Nerves
Electrical cables made up bundles of axons
Nerves relationship with CNS
Link the CNS with the body’s sensory receptors, muscles and glands.
Information travels in the nervous system due to 3 types of Nuerons
Sensory Nuerons, Motor nuerons and Internuerons
Sensory Nuerons
Carry the message from tissues and sensory receptors inward to the brain and spinal cord for porcesssing
Motor nuerons
Carries messages from Central nervous system out to the body’s muscles
internuerons
Information is processed in the brain’s internal communication system through the internuerons. Most complexity resides in internuerons systems
Perpheral Nervous Systems has 2 components:
Somatic nervous Systemand Autonomic nervou system
Somatic nervous System
Allows for voluntary control of skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Controls gland and muscles of internal organs, influjencing functions like heart beat and digestion
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) usually operates autonomosly but may/may not be conciously over ridden
MAY BE OVERIDDEN
Autonomic nervous system serves 2 important basic functions
Sympathetic Divsion and Parasympathetic division
Sympathetic Divission arouses and expends ____. It functions during _____ situations
energy, stressful events
Parasympathetic divsion slow down, calms body and conserves _____
calm , energy
Sympathetic ______ heartbeat but Parasympathetic _____
Sympathetic SPEEDS UP) heartbeat but Parasympathetic SLOWS IT DOWN
Sympathetic Nervous Sytem
1) dilates/calms pupils
DILATES pupils
Sympathetic Nervous Sytem
1) dilates pupils
2) Accelerates or Slows heart beat
2) ACCELERATES HEARTBEAT
Sympathetic Nervous Sytem
1) dilates pupils
2) Accelerates heart beat
3) Stomac - stimulates/inhibits digestion
3) Stomac - inhibits digestion
Sympathetic Nervous Sytem
1) dilates pupils
2) Accelerates heart beat
3) Stomach - inhibits digestion
4) Stimulates/Hinders glucose release by liver
5) Adrenal Glands on Top of Kidneys - Stimulates/Hinders secretion of ephinephrine or nonephrinerphene
4) Stimulates glucose release by liver
Sympathetic Nervous Sytem
1) dilates pupils
2) Accelerates heart beat
3) Stomach - inhibits digestion
4) Stimulates glucose release by liver
5) Adrenal Glands on Top of Kidneys - Stimulates/Hinders secretion of ephinephrine or nonephrinerphene
5) Adrenal Glands on Top of Kidneys - Stimulates secretion of ephinephrine or nonephrinerphene
Sympathetic Nervous Sytem
1) dilates pupils
2) Accelerates heart beat
3) Stomach - inhibits digestion
4) Stimulates glucose release by liver
5) Adrenal Glands on Top of Kidneys - Stimulates secretion of ephinephrine or nonephrinerphene
6) Relaxes/Tightens Bladder
6) Relaxes Bladder
Parasympathetic Nervous System
1) Pupils dilate/contract
1) Pupils contract
Parasympathetic Nervous System
1) Pupils contract
2) Accelerates/Slows Heartbeat
2) Slows Heartbeat
Parasympathetic Nervous System
1) Pupils contract
2) Slows Heartbeat
3) Stimulates/Inhibits Digestion
3) Stimulates Digestion
Parasympathetic Nervous System
1) Pupils contract
2) Slows Heartbeat
3) Stimulates Digestion
4) Stimulates/Hinders gallbladder
4) Stimulates Gallbladder
Parasympathetic Nervous System
1) Pupils contract
2) Slows Heartbeat
3) Stimulates Digestion
4) Stimulates Gallbladder
5) Contracts/Relaxes Bladder
5) Contracts Bladder
Parasympathetic Nervous System
1) Pupils contract
2) Slows Heartbeat
3) Stimulates Digestion
4) Stimulates Gallbladder
5) Contracts Bladder
6) Allows/Inhibits blood to flow to sex organs
6) Allows blood to flow to sex organs
Parasympathetic Nervous System
1) Pupils contract
2) Slows Heartbeat
3) Stimulates Digestion
4) Stimulates Gallbladder
5) Contracts Bladder
6) Allows blood to flow to sex organs
7) Blood pressure decreases
Spymathetic Nervous Sytem makes you ready for _____
READY FOR ACTION
When you no longer need to be active the parasympethic nervous system will produce same/oppisite effects
OPPOSITE
parasympethic nervous system and sympathetic work together to provide a steady _______ state
steady internal state
Parasympahthetic and Sympathetic are both part of the __________ nervous system
Autonomic Nervous System
Motor nuerons carry what to where?
Carry outgoing messagtes from the CNS to muscles and glands
Sensory Nuerons carry what to where?
Carry incoming messages from sensory receptors to the CNS
Internuerons
Communicate within the CNS and intervene between incoming and outgoing messages
The brain nueron’s cluster into groups called:
Nerual Networks
Learning occurse as feedback strengthens ________.Nuerons that fire together wire ___________
connections. Nuerons that fire together wire together
Spinal Cord function:
Works as a 2 way highway system connecting the peripheral nervous system and the brain
Ascending neural fibers send up_______ ________ and Descending neural fibers send back ____________ ________
Ascending neural fibers send up SENSORY INFO
Descending neural fibers send back MOTOR CONTROL INFO
Reflexes
Automatic response to stimuli such as keejerk response
A simple spinal reflex pathway is composed of
Single sensory nueron and a single motor neuron, they often communicate using an interneuron
Knee jerk Responses (Reflexes) don’t involve the ____
Brain
Example of Neural pathways in charge of reflexes
1) When a finger touches a flame, neural activity travels via _______ _______ to interneurons in your _______ _____.
When a finger touches a flame, neural activity travels via SENSORY NUERONSto interneurons in your SPINAL CORD.
1)When a finger touches a flame, neural activity travels via SENSORY NUERONSto interneurons in your SPINAL CORD.
2) These interneurons respond by activating ? leading to the ? in your arm.
2) These interneurons respond by activating MOTOR NEURONS leading to the MUSCLES in your arm.
1)When a finger touches a flame, neural activity travels via SENSORY NUERONSto interneurons in your SPINAL CORD.
2) These interneurons respond by activating MOTOR NEURONS leading to the MUSCLES in your arm.
3) Because the simple pain-reflex pathways runs through the ? and right back out, your hand jerks away from the candle ? brain recieves & responds to the info that causes you to feel pain.
3) Because the simple pain-reflex pathways runs through the SPINAL CORD and right back out, your hand jerks away from the candle BEFORE the brain recieves & responds to the info that causes you to feel pain.
A headless warm body could do this process because it doesn’t require the brain
Informatinion travels through and from the brain through the ?
SPINAL CORD
If the top of your spinal cord was severed what would happen?
you would lose all sensation and voluntary movement in body regions with sensory and motor connections to the spinal cord below its point of injury
You would exhibit the knee jerk without feeling the tap.
Genital stimulation may result in an erection which is a
Simple reflex
Endocrine System
the body’s “slow” chemical communication system that encompasses a set of glands that secretes hormones into the bloodstream
Hormones
Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues, including the brain
When hormones act on the brain they influence our intrest in ?
food, sex and agression
Some hormones are chemically identical to ?
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Produce molecules that act on receptors elsewhere
Endocrine, Nervous or Both
Both the endocrine and nervous system
The Endocrine system sends messages fast/slow while the Nervous Sytem sends fast/slow messages
Endocrine - Slow
Nervous - Fast
Endocrine messages tend to ________ the effects of neural messages
OUTLAST
Upset feelings may linger beyond our awareness of what upsets us
ephinephrine(Adrenaline) and nonephinephrine(nonadrenaline)
Hormones that increase heart rate blood pressure, blood sugar in order to provide the body with a surge of energy
In a moment of danger the ANS orders the ADRENAL GLANDS on top of the kidneys to release ? When the emergency passes, the hormones (& the feeling of excitement) linger a while.
In a moment of danger the ANS orders the ADRENAL GLANDS on top of the kidneys to release ephinephrine(Adrenaline)and nonephinephrine(nonadrenaline).
Pituatary Gland
Most importnant endocrine gland that is controlled by the hypothalmus. Releases specific hormones, controls other endocrine glands and regulates growth
Adrenal Glands
Pair of endocrine glands that sit above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinehphrine and nonepinehprine) that helps arouse the body in times of stress,
What does the Pituatary Gland look like and where is it find
Size of pea and found in center of brain
Types of hormones the pituatary gland releases
One is a growth hormone that stimulates physical development
Ocytocin - Enables contractions associated with birthing, milk flow during nursing, and orgasm. Promotes pair bonding, social trust and group cohesion.
thpituitary gland is a sort of Master gland
Why is the pituatary gland called a master gland?
Pituitary secretions also influence the release of hormones by other endocrine glands
The pituatary gland is ordered by the brain, more specifically the _________
hypothalmus
The following Feedback system shows the relationship between the ? and ? system
Brain (hypothalmus) triggers pituatary gland which triggers other glands which triggers hormones which in turn trigger the body and brain
The following Feedback system shows the relationship between the endocrine and nervous systems
The nervous system directs endocrine system secretions which affect the nervous sytem
Brain + body =
Mind
Early clinical observations, before tools that were high tech but gentle enough, scientists studied brain mind connections by using ?
Clinical Observations
Lesion
Tissue destruction, a naturally or expirementally caused desctruction of brain tissue
Brain waves
Electrical activity in the brain’s billions of neurons sweeps in regular waves across its surface
Electroenepcephalogram (EEG)
Records brain waves using a shower-cap type hat. An eamplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
Brain’s chemical fuel
Glucose. Active neurons hog glucose
The Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan
Visual display that allows people to see in the brain by depicting brain activity by showing each brain area’s of it’s consumption of glucose. Visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.
How do researchers use a PET Scan
A person consumes temporarily radioactive glucose, the PET scan then tracks the gamma rays released by the glucose as the person performs a given task, PET scan hotspots show which brain areas are most active during a specfic task.
PET Scans are like
Weather radars showing rain activity
How does an MRI (Magnetic Resonance imaging) brain scan work
Person’s head is put in a strong magnetic field, which aligns with the spinning atoms of brain molecules. Then, a radio wave pulse momentarily disorients the atoms. When the atoms return to their normal spin, they emit signals that provide a detailed picture of soft tissues, including the brain. Technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue. MRI SCANS SHOW BRAIN ANATOMY
Ventricles
Fluid filled brain areas
Purpose of fMRI (functional MRI)
Shows the brain’s functioning as well as structure. A technique used for revealing bloodflow and therefore brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI SCANS SHOW BRAIN FUNCTIOn
how does an fMRI work?
When the brain is active, blood moves. By comparing MRI scans taken less than a second apart, researchers can watch the brain “light up” (w/ increased oxygen rich bloodflow) as a person performs different mental functions
These scans help show how the brain splits labor and which areas are more correlated to certain tasks/feelings
fMRI scan
Tracks succesive images or brain tissue to show brain function
PET scan
Tracks radioactive glucose to reveal brain activity
MRI scan
Uses magnetic fields and radiowaces to show brain anatomy
Brain Stem
Oldest Part of the Brain and
Where is Brain stem?
Center of the Brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions
Is an extension of the spinal cord
The brain has cross-wiring
Nerves from the left side of the brain are mostly linked to the _____ side of the body and VICE VERSA
Nerves from the left side of the brain are mostly linked to the RIGHT side of the body and VICE VERSA
Brain Stem is a _______ point where most nerves to and from each side of the brain connect with the body’s same/opposite side
CROSSOVER
OPPISITE
Medula
Base of Brain stem controls heartbeat and breathing
Thalamus
Brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brain stem
Thalamus Purpose
Directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
Thalamus
Receives info from all sense except smell and routes it to the higher brain regions that deal with all the sense(except smell)
Also receives some of the higher brain’s replies, which it directs to the medulla & cerebellum
Analogy for what part of the brain
Think of the ____ as being to sensory information what London is to England’s trains: a hub through which traffic passes en route to various destinations
Thalamus
Reticular Formation
A finger-shaped nerve network that travels through the brain stem and plays an important role in controlling arousal
Where is the Reticular Formation specifically?
Inside the brainstem, between the ears that extends from the spinal cord up through the thalamus
Reticular Formation
As the spinal cord’s sensory input flows up to the thalamus, some of it travels through the reticular formation, which filters incoming stimuli and relays important info to other brain areas
Cerebellum
The “little brain” at the rear of the brain stem; functions include
1) processing sensory input
2)COORDINATIG VOLUNTARY MOEVMEMT OUTPUT AND BALANCE
3) Nonverbal Learning
4)Memory
5) Judge time
6) Regulate emotions
7) Differentiate sounds & Textures
Where specifically is the cerebellum?
Extending from the rear of the brainstem is the baseball sized cerebellum
Signs of an injured cerebellum
Difficulty walking, balancing and shaking hands
People who have drank have less coordinated movements this shows that:
The cerebellum is being negatively impacted by alcohol
In what brain region would damage be most likely to:
1) disrupt your ability to jump rope
2) Disrupt ability to hear and taste
3) Chance of you being in a comma
4) Cut off the very breath and heartbeat of life
1) Cerebellum
2) Thalamus
3) Reticular Formation
4) Medulla
Newest and Highest regions of the brain
Cerebral Hemispheres
Limbic(border) System
Neural System, located above the cerebral hemispheres and is between the oldest and newest brain areas; associated with emotions and drives
The Limbic System contains what parts of the brain?
Includes hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Processes conscious memories
What would happen if you lost your hippocampus to surgery or injury?
Lose ability to make new memories of facts and events.
Limbic System is linked to ______ like fear and anger and ______ ________ such as those for food and sex.
Limbic System is linked to EMOTIONS like fear and anger and BASIC MOTIVES such as those for food and sex.
Limbic system’s hypothalamus controls the nearby _______ _______
pituitary gland
Amygdala
Two lima-bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion
The hypo(below)thalamus is found?
Below the Thalamus
Hypothalamus
A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature, sexual behavior), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, is linked to emotion and reward
Helps maintain homeostasis
How does the hypothalamus work?
As it monitors the state of the body, it tunes into the person’s blood chemistry and any incoming orders from other parts of the brain.
Between what two things do we see relationships between in the following
Picking signals up from the brain’s cerebral cortex that you’re thinking about sex, your hypothalamus will secrete hormones. The hormones trigger the adjacent “master gland”, your pituitary gland, to influence your sex glands to release their hormones. These intensify your thoughts about sex in your cerebral cortex.
1) Brain influences endocrine system which influences the brain
2) Influence between nervous and endocrine systems
Example of another limbic reward center
Nucleus Accumbens
What are the 3 key structures of the limbic system, and what are their functions?
1) The amygdala are involved in aggression and fear responses
2) The hypothalamus is involved in bodily maintenance, pleasurable rewards, and control of the hormonal systems
3) The hippocampus processes memory
Older brain networks sustain ?
Newer Neural Networks within the cerebrum ( the hemispheres that compose 85% of the brain’s weight) form
basic life functions enable memory, emotions and basic drives
specialized work teams that enable our perceiving thinking and speaking
Cerebral hemispheres come as a pair and covering the hemispheres, like bark on a tree, is the
CEREBRAL CORTEX
Cerebral Cortex
A intricate thin surface layer fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and info processing center
As we move up the ladder of animal life, the cerebral cortex ______, tight genetic controls _____ and the organism’s adaptability ___________
Small-cortex animals operate extensively on preprogrammed genetic instruction. Larger Cortex animals offers increased capacity for learning and thinking, which allows them to be more adaptable.
Expand
relax
Increase
Which area of the human brain is most similar to less complex animals? Which part of the human brain distinguishes us most from less complex animals?
1) The brain stem
2) The cerebral cortex
Glial Cells (Glia)
Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish and protect neurons Provide nutrients and insulating myelin, guide neural connections, and mop up ions and neurotransmitters.
May also play a role in thinking and learning.
By “chatting” with neurons they may participate in information transmission and memory
Neurons are to Glial cell as Queen bees are to
worker bees
In more complex animal’s brains the proportion of glia to neurons increases/decreases
INCREASES
Analysis of Einstein’s brain reveled that he didn’t have larger or more neurons but a much greater concentration of ?
than in the average person’s brain
GLIAL CELLS
Each hemisphere’s cortex is subdivided into ? lobes separated by prominent _______
4 lobes
Fissures(folds)
Names of 4 lobes and location
1) Frontal lobes (behind your forehead)
2) Occipital Lobes(Back of the head)
3) Parietal Lobe (Between Frontal Lobes and Occipital Lobes)
4)Temporal Lobes (Above the ears)
Each lobe performs many functions and many functions require cooperation of multiple lobes
Motor cortex
The area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements
Body areas that require more precise control, such as fingers and mouth, occupy ?
the greatest amounts of cortical space
Which is the input and which is output
Motor cortex and Sensory cortex
Input: Sensory Cortex
Output: Motor cortex
Left hemisphere section controls the body’s left/right side
RIGHT SIDE
Left hemisphere section receives input from the body’s left/right side
right SIDE
Cognitive neural prosthetics are placed in the brain to help control parts of the
motor cortex
Cognitive neural prosthetics help people who have suffered from
amputation or paralysis
Sensory Cortex
Area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
Sensory Cortex purpose
The cortical area that specializes in receiving information
Receives info from skin sense and and from movement of body parts
What would happen if you stimulated part of the sensory cortex?
The person would report being touched on their shoulder, face, etc.
Where is the sensory cortex found?
Front of parietal lobes, parallel to just behind the motor cortex
The more sensitive the body region, the larger/smaller the sensory cortex area devoted to it and VICE VERSA
LARGER SENSORY CORTEX AREA
