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AP Psychology > Chapter 2 (AP Psych Textbook) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 (AP Psych Textbook) Flashcards

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1
Q

Everything related to the psychological (related to the mental and emotional state) is tied to the biological

A

To think, act or feel you must use your body.

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2
Q

Biology and Psychology influences on _______

A

Behavior

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3
Q

Phrenology was proposed in the 1800s by German physician Franz Gall it stated that:

A

By studying the bumps on a person’s skull, their mental cabibalities and caharacter traits can be revealed.

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4
Q

A humorist named Mark Twain ______ phrenology and found that when getting tested by different phrenologists he would get _______ results

A

A humorist named Mark Twain TESTED phrenology and found that when getting tested by different phrenologists he would get DIFFERENT results

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5
Q

Localization of Function

A

The idea that various brain regions have they’re own functions

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6
Q

Although, the popularity of Phrenology eventually _____ ____. It suceeeded in focusing attention on localization of function

A

Although, the popularity of Phrenology eventually died down. It suceeeded in focusing attention onto ___________ of ________

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7
Q

Biological Perspective:

A

Concerned with the links between biology and behavior.

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8
Q

Psychologiststs working in nueroscience, behavior genetics, evolutionary psychology work specialize in :

A

the Biological Perspective

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9
Q

What do Phrenology and the Biological Perspective have in common?

A

They both focus on how biology is linked to behavior, however phrenology died out because it had no scientific basis.

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10
Q

Biological Perspective study the link between biological activity and psychological events to discover things about the interplay between the ____, ______ and _______

A

Interplay between the MIND, BEHAVIOR & BIOLOGY

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11
Q

Researchers studying to understand the biology of the mind have discovered the following:

1) The body is made of ______

2) Nerve cells do 2 things to one
3) They do this by:

A

1) Cells
2) Nerves conduct electricity and communicate with another
3) sending chemical messages across a tiny gap that seperates them

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12
Q

Researchers studying to understand the biology of the mind have discovered the following:
4) Specific Brain systems serve specific _______ (though not the functions Gall supposed)
5) Humans Integrate information _________ in these different brain systems to construct our experience of _____ and ______, _____ and ______, _____ and _____

A

4) Specific Brain systems serve specific functions (though not the functions Gall supposed)

5) Humans Integrate information PROCESSED in these different brain systems to construct our experience of SIGHTS & SOUNDS MEANING and MEMORIES, PAIN and PASIION

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13
Q

Researchers studying to understand the biology of the mind have discovered the following:
6) Our adaptive brain is wired by ______
7) The body is made of systems which are made up of __________ that are composed of even smaller _________

A

EXPERIENCE

7) The body is made of systems which are made up of SUBSYSTEMS that are composed of even smaller SUBSYSTEMS

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14
Q

We are made of cells, that make up organs, that make up systems that make up an individual that make up a community and so on. Thus we are _________________ systems

A

Biopsychosocial systems.

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15
Q

Biopsychosocial system

A

To understand ourselves we have to understand how these biological, psychological and social systems work and interact. It is an integrated approach to psychology that incorporates three different perspectives and types of analysis: biological, psychological, and social-cultura

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16
Q

Animals and Humans’s information systems are very similar. So similar you could compare a small sample of brain tissue between a monkey and human. This similarity allows researchers to?

A

Study other mammmal’s brains to understand human brain small animals are studied to understand neural systems.

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17
Q

Though a human brains more complex than a rat they both operate on the same principles. Cars differs but all have engines, acelerators etc.

A
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18
Q

Nueron

A

A nerve cell & the basic building block of the nervous system

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19
Q

Each nueron consists of a cell ____ and its branching dibers (_______)

A

CELL BODY and DENDRITES

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20
Q

Dendrites

A

A neuron’s bushy, branching extensions that recieve messages and conduct impulses and conduct it toward the cell body

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21
Q

Axon

A

The nueron extension that passes messages through from the dendrites to other nuerons or to muscles or glands

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22
Q

Dendrites Listen; Axon speak

A
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23
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

A fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some nuerons it insulates the axon and enables vastly greater speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next.

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24
Q

Myelin Sheath is laid down up to about age 25, what 3 things happens

A

Neural efficency, judgement and self control grows

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25
Q

If Myelin Sheath degenerates , multiple sclerosis results

A

Communication to muscles slow,
with eventual loss of muscle control

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26
Q

Nuerons transmit messages when they are stimulated by

A

Signals from our senses or triggerred or when triggerred by chemical signals from neighboring neurons.

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27
Q

In response to the stimuluis the neuron fires an impulse called, ________ ________

A

Action potential, a brief electrical charge that runs down the axon that allows nuerons to communicate

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28
Q

Neurons generate electrcicity from _______ events

A

Chemical events

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29
Q

When a nueron fires an action potential, in what order does it travel through the nueron?

A

Dendrites to Axon to Axon;s terminal brances

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30
Q

In neuron’s chemistry - electricity process, ions (electrically charged ions) are exchanged.

A
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31
Q

The fluid oustside the axon’s membrane has mostly _________ charged ions

A

Positivley

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32
Q

A resting axon’s fluid interior has mostly _________ charged

A

negativley charged

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33
Q

Resting potential

A

The previously mentioned positive-outside/negative-inside state of the axon

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34
Q

The axon’s is selectivley permeable

A

Can pick and chose what comes in and out

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35
Q

When the nueron fires
1) the axon open/closes it’s gates

A

Axon opens it gates

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36
Q

When the nueron fires
1) The axon open it’s gates
2) _______ cations/anions come flowing through the cell membrane.

A

SODIUM CATIONS come flowing through the cell membrane.

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37
Q

When the nueron fires
1) the axon open it’s gates
2) Sodium Cations come flowing through the cell membrane. This then:
3) ________ this axon section, causing another axon channel to _____, and then another, which causes a domino effect (each causing the other to ____)

A

This then:
3) DEPOLARIZES this axon section, causing another axon channel to OPEN, and then another, which causes a domino effect (each causing the other to OPEN)

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38
Q

During a resting pause (refactory period) the neuron pumps the _____ _____ back outside. Then it can fire again

It’s like a refresh

A

Sodium cations back outside

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39
Q

Most signlas nuerons get are excitatory

A

Pushes a nueron’s accelerator

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40
Q

Some signals are inhibatory

A

More like pushing a nueron’s breaks

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41
Q

If a excitory signal - inhibatory signals exceed a certain minimum or ________ the combined signals trigger an action potential

A

threshold

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42
Q

Threshold

A

The level of stimulation required to trigger a nueral impulse

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43
Q

The action potential travels down the axon which branches off to hundreds or thousands of other _______ or with _______ and _______

A

The action potential travels down the axon which branches off to hundreds or thousands of other NUERONS or with MUSCLES and GLANDS

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44
Q

Increasing th elevel of intensity above the threshold will/will not
increase A stthe nueral impulse’s intensity

A

WLLL NOT

The nueron’s reaction is an all or non response

Like guns nuerons either fire or they don’t

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45
Q

How does the body detect the intensity of a stimulus? How do you distinguish from a gentle touch or a big hug?

A

A strong stimulus can trigger MORE NUERONS to fire, and to fire MORE OFTEN. But it does not affect the speed or strenghth of the action potential.

Squeezing a trigger harder doesn’t make a bullet go faster.

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46
Q

Neuro transmitter

A

Chemical messenger that diffuses across a synapse and excite or inhibit an adjacent neuron

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47
Q

Synapse

A

Meeting point between nuerons

Junction between the axon tip of the sending nueron and the dendrite or cell body of the recieving nueron.

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48
Q

Synaptic gap or Synaptic Cleft

A

Axon terminal of one terminal seperated from recieving nueron by a ______

The tiny gap at the synapse

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49
Q

How do nuerons send information over the synaptic gap?

A

Using nuerotransmitters

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50
Q

How do nuerons send information over the synaptic gap?

1) Electric impulses (action potentials) travel down a nuerons _____ until reaching a tiny junction called a _______

A

Electric impulses (action potentials) travel down a nuerons AXON until reaching a tiny junction called a SYNAPASE

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51
Q

How do nuerons send information over the synaptic gap?

1) Electric impulses (action potentials) travel down a nuerons AXON until reaching a tiny junction called a SYNAPASE

2) When the action potential reaches an axon terminal it stimulates the release of ____________ molecules

A

2) When the action potential reaches an axon terminal it stimulates the release of NUEROTRANSMITTER molecules

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52
Q

How do nuerons send information over the synaptic gap?

1) Electric impulses (action potentials) travel down a nuerons AXON until reaching a tiny junction called a SYNAPASE

2) When the action potential reaches an axon terminal it stimulates the release of NUEROTRANSMITTER molecules

3) The nuerotransmitter molecules cross the synpatic gap and bind to _________ ______ on the recieving nueron. This allows _________ ______ atoms to enter the reviecing nueron and EXCITE OR INHIBITE a new action potenial

A

3) The nuerotransmitter molecules cross the synpatic gap and bind to RECEPTER SITES on the recieving nueron. This allows ELECTRICALLLY CHARGED atoms to enter the reviecing nueron and EXCITE OR INHIBITE a new action potenial.

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53
Q

How do nuerons send information over the synaptic gap?

1) Electric impulses (action potentials) travel down a nuerons AXON until reaching a tiny junction called a SYNAPASE

2) When the action potential reaches an axon terminal it stimulates the release of NUEROTRANSMITTER molecules

3) The nuerotransmitter molecules cross the synpatic gap and bind to RECEPTER SITES on the recieving nueron. This allows ELECTRICALLLY CHARGED atoms to enter the reviecing nueron and EXCITE OR INHIBITE a new action potenial.

4) The ______ nueron normally reabsorbs excess _____________ molecules a process called reuptake

A

4) The SENDING nueron normally reabsorbs excess NUEROTRANSMITTER molecules a process called reuptake

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54
Q

Reuptake

A

A nueron’s reabsorbsion of it’s own excess nuerotransmitters that had been released earlier

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55
Q

Neurotransmitter Pathways

A

Each of the brain’s differing chemical messenger have designated pathways where it operates

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56
Q

Different Nuerotransmitter systems do/don’t work alone and do/don’t interact

A

Different Nuerotransmitter systems DONT work alone and interact with one another

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57
Q

Different Nuerotransmitter systems have same/different effects that vary with the receptors they stimulate

A

Different Nuerotransmitter systems have different effects that vary with the receptors they stimulate

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58
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

A nuerotransmitter associated with learning and memory

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59
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh) is the _____ at every junction between _____ nuerons and ____ muscles

A

Acetylcholine is the MESSENGER at every junction between MOTOR nuerons and SKELETAL muscles

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60
Q

When ACh is released to our muscle cell receptors, the muscle ______

A

When ACh is released to our muscle cell receptors, the muscle CONTRACTS

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61
Q

IF ACh transmission is blocked, which happens under some kinds of anesthesia, the muscles _____ contract and the person becomes __________

A

IF ACh transmission is blocked, which happens under some kinds of anesthesia, the muscles CANT contract and the person becomes PARALYZED

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62
Q

The brain produces its own naturally occuring _____

A

OPIATES

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63
Q

Morphine

A

An opiate drug that elevates mood and easies pain

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64
Q

Endorphins

A

“Morphine within” natural, opiatelike nuerotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure

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65
Q

The body releases several kinds of opiates related to pain and vigorous excersise, these endorphins help explain mood boosts (runners high, painkilling within apupuncture, indifference to pain in some severley injured people)

A
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66
Q

Why can’t we flood the body with artificial opiates to feel good all the time?

A

When flooded with opaiates like herion or morphine the body may STOP producing its own natural opiates. When drug is taken away the body is deprived of any opiates and will feel unconfort

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67
Q

Drugs and other chemicals affect synapses by either:

A

Exciting or inhibiting neurons from firing

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68
Q

Agonist molecules

A

Molecules that are sometimes similar enough to nuerotransmitters that they bind to its receptor and mimic it’s effects

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69
Q

Some opiates that are agonists and produce:

A

A temporary “high” by ampligying normal sensations of arousal or pleasure

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70
Q

Antagonists

A

Also bind to receptors but instead occupy nuerotransmitter’s receptor site and block its effect but is not similar enough to stimulate the receptor

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71
Q

Botulin

A

A poison that forms from imprerly canned food

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72
Q

Botulin can caus paralysis by blocking _____ release

A

causes paralysis by blocking ACH release

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73
Q

Nervous System

A

Electrocommunication network consisting of all nerve cells and of the peripheral and central nervous systems

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74
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Made up of the brain and spinal cord and makes the body’s decisions

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75
Q

Peripheral Nervous Systems (PNS)

A

Gathers information and transfers CNS decisions to other body parts

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76
Q

Nerves

A

Electrical cables made up bundles of axons

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77
Q

Nerves relationship with CNS

A

Link the CNS with the body’s sensory receptors, muscles and glands.

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78
Q

Information travels in the nervous system due to 3 types of Nuerons

A

Sensory Nuerons, Motor nuerons and Internuerons

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79
Q

Sensory Nuerons

A

Carry the message from tissues and sensory receptors inward to the brain and spinal cord for porcesssing

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80
Q

Motor nuerons

A

Carries messages from Central nervous system out to the body’s muscles

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81
Q

internuerons

A

Information is processed in the brain’s internal communication system through the internuerons. Most complexity resides in internuerons systems

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82
Q

Perpheral Nervous Systems has 2 components:

A

Somatic nervous Systemand Autonomic nervou system

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83
Q

Somatic nervous System

A

Allows for voluntary control of skeletal muscles

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84
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Controls gland and muscles of internal organs, influjencing functions like heart beat and digestion

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85
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) usually operates autonomosly but may/may not be conciously over ridden

A

MAY BE OVERIDDEN

86
Q

Autonomic nervous system serves 2 important basic functions

A

Sympathetic Divsion and Parasympathetic division

87
Q

Sympathetic Divission arouses and expends ____. It functions during _____ situations

A

energy, stressful events

88
Q

Parasympathetic divsion slow down, calms body and conserves _____

A

calm , energy

89
Q

Sympathetic ______ heartbeat but Parasympathetic _____

A

Sympathetic SPEEDS UP) heartbeat but Parasympathetic SLOWS IT DOWN

90
Q

Sympathetic Nervous Sytem

1) dilates/calms pupils

A

DILATES pupils

91
Q

Sympathetic Nervous Sytem

1) dilates pupils
2) Accelerates or Slows heart beat

A

2) ACCELERATES HEARTBEAT

92
Q

Sympathetic Nervous Sytem

1) dilates pupils
2) Accelerates heart beat
3) Stomac - stimulates/inhibits digestion

A

3) Stomac - inhibits digestion

93
Q

Sympathetic Nervous Sytem

1) dilates pupils
2) Accelerates heart beat
3) Stomach - inhibits digestion
4) Stimulates/Hinders glucose release by liver
5) Adrenal Glands on Top of Kidneys - Stimulates/Hinders secretion of ephinephrine or nonephrinerphene

A

4) Stimulates glucose release by liver

94
Q

Sympathetic Nervous Sytem

1) dilates pupils
2) Accelerates heart beat
3) Stomach - inhibits digestion
4) Stimulates glucose release by liver
5) Adrenal Glands on Top of Kidneys - Stimulates/Hinders secretion of ephinephrine or nonephrinerphene

A

5) Adrenal Glands on Top of Kidneys - Stimulates secretion of ephinephrine or nonephrinerphene

95
Q

Sympathetic Nervous Sytem

1) dilates pupils
2) Accelerates heart beat
3) Stomach - inhibits digestion
4) Stimulates glucose release by liver
5) Adrenal Glands on Top of Kidneys - Stimulates secretion of ephinephrine or nonephrinerphene
6) Relaxes/Tightens Bladder

A

6) Relaxes Bladder

96
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System
1) Pupils dilate/contract

A

1) Pupils contract

97
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System
1) Pupils contract
2) Accelerates/Slows Heartbeat

A

2) Slows Heartbeat

98
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System
1) Pupils contract
2) Slows Heartbeat
3) Stimulates/Inhibits Digestion

A

3) Stimulates Digestion

99
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System
1) Pupils contract
2) Slows Heartbeat
3) Stimulates Digestion
4) Stimulates/Hinders gallbladder

A

4) Stimulates Gallbladder

100
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System
1) Pupils contract
2) Slows Heartbeat
3) Stimulates Digestion
4) Stimulates Gallbladder
5) Contracts/Relaxes Bladder

A

5) Contracts Bladder

101
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System
1) Pupils contract
2) Slows Heartbeat
3) Stimulates Digestion
4) Stimulates Gallbladder
5) Contracts Bladder
6) Allows/Inhibits blood to flow to sex organs

A

6) Allows blood to flow to sex organs

102
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System
1) Pupils contract
2) Slows Heartbeat
3) Stimulates Digestion
4) Stimulates Gallbladder
5) Contracts Bladder
6) Allows blood to flow to sex organs
7) Blood pressure decreases

A
103
Q

Spymathetic Nervous Sytem makes you ready for _____

A

READY FOR ACTION

104
Q

When you no longer need to be active the parasympethic nervous system will produce same/oppisite effects

A

OPPOSITE

105
Q

parasympethic nervous system and sympathetic work together to provide a steady _______ state

A

steady internal state

106
Q

Parasympahthetic and Sympathetic are both part of the __________ nervous system

A

Autonomic Nervous System

107
Q

Motor nuerons carry what to where?

A

Carry outgoing messagtes from the CNS to muscles and glands

108
Q

Sensory Nuerons carry what to where?

A

Carry incoming messages from sensory receptors to the CNS

109
Q

Internuerons

A

Communicate within the CNS and intervene between incoming and outgoing messages

110
Q

The brain nueron’s cluster into groups called:

A

Nerual Networks

111
Q

Learning occurse as feedback strengthens ________.Nuerons that fire together wire ___________

A

connections. Nuerons that fire together wire together

112
Q

Spinal Cord function:

A

Works as a 2 way highway system connecting the peripheral nervous system and the brain

113
Q

Ascending neural fibers send up_______ ________ and Descending neural fibers send back ____________ ________

A

Ascending neural fibers send up SENSORY INFO
Descending neural fibers send back MOTOR CONTROL INFO

114
Q

Reflexes

A

Automatic response to stimuli such as keejerk response

115
Q

A simple spinal reflex pathway is composed of

A

Single sensory nueron and a single motor neuron, they often communicate using an interneuron

116
Q

Knee jerk Responses (Reflexes) don’t involve the ____

A

Brain

117
Q

Example of Neural pathways in charge of reflexes

1) When a finger touches a flame, neural activity travels via _______ _______ to interneurons in your _______ _____.

A

When a finger touches a flame, neural activity travels via SENSORY NUERONSto interneurons in your SPINAL CORD.

118
Q

1)When a finger touches a flame, neural activity travels via SENSORY NUERONSto interneurons in your SPINAL CORD.

2) These interneurons respond by activating ? leading to the ? in your arm.

A

2) These interneurons respond by activating MOTOR NEURONS leading to the MUSCLES in your arm.

119
Q

1)When a finger touches a flame, neural activity travels via SENSORY NUERONSto interneurons in your SPINAL CORD.

2) These interneurons respond by activating MOTOR NEURONS leading to the MUSCLES in your arm.

3) Because the simple pain-reflex pathways runs through the ? and right back out, your hand jerks away from the candle ? brain recieves & responds to the info that causes you to feel pain.

A

3) Because the simple pain-reflex pathways runs through the SPINAL CORD and right back out, your hand jerks away from the candle BEFORE the brain recieves & responds to the info that causes you to feel pain.

A headless warm body could do this process because it doesn’t require the brain

120
Q

Informatinion travels through and from the brain through the ?

A

SPINAL CORD

121
Q

If the top of your spinal cord was severed what would happen?

A

you would lose all sensation and voluntary movement in body regions with sensory and motor connections to the spinal cord below its point of injury

You would exhibit the knee jerk without feeling the tap.

122
Q

Genital stimulation may result in an erection which is a

A

Simple reflex

123
Q

Endocrine System

A

the body’s “slow” chemical communication system that encompasses a set of glands that secretes hormones into the bloodstream

124
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues, including the brain

125
Q

When hormones act on the brain they influence our intrest in ?

A

food, sex and agression

126
Q

Some hormones are chemically identical to ?

A

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

127
Q

Produce molecules that act on receptors elsewhere

Endocrine, Nervous or Both

A

Both the endocrine and nervous system

128
Q

The Endocrine system sends messages fast/slow while the Nervous Sytem sends fast/slow messages

A

Endocrine - Slow
Nervous - Fast

129
Q

Endocrine messages tend to ________ the effects of neural messages

A

OUTLAST

Upset feelings may linger beyond our awareness of what upsets us

130
Q

ephinephrine(Adrenaline) and nonephinephrine(nonadrenaline)

A

Hormones that increase heart rate blood pressure, blood sugar in order to provide the body with a surge of energy

131
Q

In a moment of danger the ANS orders the ADRENAL GLANDS on top of the kidneys to release ? When the emergency passes, the hormones (& the feeling of excitement) linger a while.

A

In a moment of danger the ANS orders the ADRENAL GLANDS on top of the kidneys to release ephinephrine(Adrenaline)and nonephinephrine(nonadrenaline).

132
Q

Pituatary Gland

A

Most importnant endocrine gland that is controlled by the hypothalmus. Releases specific hormones, controls other endocrine glands and regulates growth

133
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Pair of endocrine glands that sit above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinehphrine and nonepinehprine) that helps arouse the body in times of stress,

134
Q

What does the Pituatary Gland look like and where is it find

A

Size of pea and found in center of brain

135
Q

Types of hormones the pituatary gland releases

A

One is a growth hormone that stimulates physical development

Ocytocin - Enables contractions associated with birthing, milk flow during nursing, and orgasm. Promotes pair bonding, social trust and group cohesion.

136
Q

thpituitary gland is a sort of Master gland

A
137
Q

Why is the pituatary gland called a master gland?

A

Pituitary secretions also influence the release of hormones by other endocrine glands

138
Q

The pituatary gland is ordered by the brain, more specifically the _________

A

hypothalmus

139
Q

The following Feedback system shows the relationship between the ? and ? system

Brain (hypothalmus) triggers pituatary gland which triggers other glands which triggers hormones which in turn trigger the body and brain

A

The following Feedback system shows the relationship between the endocrine and nervous systems

The nervous system directs endocrine system secretions which affect the nervous sytem

140
Q

Brain + body =

A

Mind

141
Q

Early clinical observations, before tools that were high tech but gentle enough, scientists studied brain mind connections by using ?

A

Clinical Observations

142
Q

Lesion

A

Tissue destruction, a naturally or expirementally caused desctruction of brain tissue

143
Q

Brain waves

A

Electrical activity in the brain’s billions of neurons sweeps in regular waves across its surface

144
Q

Electroenepcephalogram (EEG)

A

Records brain waves using a shower-cap type hat. An eamplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

145
Q

Brain’s chemical fuel

A

Glucose. Active neurons hog glucose

146
Q

The Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan

A

Visual display that allows people to see in the brain by depicting brain activity by showing each brain area’s of it’s consumption of glucose. Visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.

147
Q

How do researchers use a PET Scan

A

A person consumes temporarily radioactive glucose, the PET scan then tracks the gamma rays released by the glucose as the person performs a given task, PET scan hotspots show which brain areas are most active during a specfic task.

148
Q

PET Scans are like

A

Weather radars showing rain activity

149
Q

How does an MRI (Magnetic Resonance imaging) brain scan work

A

Person’s head is put in a strong magnetic field, which aligns with the spinning atoms of brain molecules. Then, a radio wave pulse momentarily disorients the atoms. When the atoms return to their normal spin, they emit signals that provide a detailed picture of soft tissues, including the brain. Technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue. MRI SCANS SHOW BRAIN ANATOMY

150
Q

Ventricles

A

Fluid filled brain areas

151
Q

Purpose of fMRI (functional MRI)

A

Shows the brain’s functioning as well as structure. A technique used for revealing bloodflow and therefore brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI SCANS SHOW BRAIN FUNCTIOn

152
Q

how does an fMRI work?

A

When the brain is active, blood moves. By comparing MRI scans taken less than a second apart, researchers can watch the brain “light up” (w/ increased oxygen rich bloodflow) as a person performs different mental functions

153
Q

These scans help show how the brain splits labor and which areas are more correlated to certain tasks/feelings

A
154
Q

fMRI scan

A

Tracks succesive images or brain tissue to show brain function

155
Q

PET scan

A

Tracks radioactive glucose to reveal brain activity

156
Q

MRI scan

A

Uses magnetic fields and radiowaces to show brain anatomy

157
Q

Brain Stem

A

Oldest Part of the Brain and

158
Q

Where is Brain stem?

A

Center of the Brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions

Is an extension of the spinal cord

159
Q

The brain has cross-wiring

Nerves from the left side of the brain are mostly linked to the _____ side of the body and VICE VERSA

A

Nerves from the left side of the brain are mostly linked to the RIGHT side of the body and VICE VERSA

160
Q

Brain Stem is a _______ point where most nerves to and from each side of the brain connect with the body’s same/opposite side

A

CROSSOVER

OPPISITE

161
Q

Medula

A

Base of Brain stem controls heartbeat and breathing

162
Q

Thalamus

A

Brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brain stem

163
Q

Thalamus Purpose

A

Directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

164
Q

Thalamus

A

Receives info from all sense except smell and routes it to the higher brain regions that deal with all the sense(except smell)
Also receives some of the higher brain’s replies, which it directs to the medulla & cerebellum

165
Q

Analogy for what part of the brain

Think of the ____ as being to sensory information what London is to England’s trains: a hub through which traffic passes en route to various destinations

A

Thalamus

166
Q

Reticular Formation

A

A finger-shaped nerve network that travels through the brain stem and plays an important role in controlling arousal

167
Q

Where is the Reticular Formation specifically?

A

Inside the brainstem, between the ears that extends from the spinal cord up through the thalamus

168
Q

Reticular Formation

A

As the spinal cord’s sensory input flows up to the thalamus, some of it travels through the reticular formation, which filters incoming stimuli and relays important info to other brain areas

169
Q

Cerebellum

A

The “little brain” at the rear of the brain stem; functions include
1) processing sensory input
2)COORDINATIG VOLUNTARY MOEVMEMT OUTPUT AND BALANCE
3) Nonverbal Learning
4)Memory
5) Judge time
6) Regulate emotions
7) Differentiate sounds & Textures

170
Q

Where specifically is the cerebellum?

A

Extending from the rear of the brainstem is the baseball sized cerebellum

171
Q

Signs of an injured cerebellum

A

Difficulty walking, balancing and shaking hands

172
Q

People who have drank have less coordinated movements this shows that:

A

The cerebellum is being negatively impacted by alcohol

173
Q

In what brain region would damage be most likely to:
1) disrupt your ability to jump rope
2) Disrupt ability to hear and taste
3) Chance of you being in a comma
4) Cut off the very breath and heartbeat of life

A

1) Cerebellum
2) Thalamus
3) Reticular Formation
4) Medulla

174
Q

Newest and Highest regions of the brain

A

Cerebral Hemispheres

175
Q

Limbic(border) System

A

Neural System, located above the cerebral hemispheres and is between the oldest and newest brain areas; associated with emotions and drives

176
Q

The Limbic System contains what parts of the brain?

A

Includes hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus

177
Q

Hippocampus

A

Processes conscious memories

178
Q

What would happen if you lost your hippocampus to surgery or injury?

A

Lose ability to make new memories of facts and events.

179
Q

Limbic System is linked to ______ like fear and anger and ______ ________ such as those for food and sex.

A

Limbic System is linked to EMOTIONS like fear and anger and BASIC MOTIVES such as those for food and sex.

180
Q

Limbic system’s hypothalamus controls the nearby _______ _______

A

pituitary gland

181
Q

Amygdala

A

Two lima-bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion

182
Q

The hypo(below)thalamus is found?

A

Below the Thalamus

183
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature, sexual behavior), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, is linked to emotion and reward

Helps maintain homeostasis

184
Q

How does the hypothalamus work?

A

As it monitors the state of the body, it tunes into the person’s blood chemistry and any incoming orders from other parts of the brain.

185
Q

Between what two things do we see relationships between in the following

Picking signals up from the brain’s cerebral cortex that you’re thinking about sex, your hypothalamus will secrete hormones. The hormones trigger the adjacent “master gland”, your pituitary gland, to influence your sex glands to release their hormones. These intensify your thoughts about sex in your cerebral cortex.

A

1) Brain influences endocrine system which influences the brain
2) Influence between nervous and endocrine systems

186
Q

Example of another limbic reward center

A

Nucleus Accumbens

187
Q

What are the 3 key structures of the limbic system, and what are their functions?

A

1) The amygdala are involved in aggression and fear responses
2) The hypothalamus is involved in bodily maintenance, pleasurable rewards, and control of the hormonal systems
3) The hippocampus processes memory

188
Q

Older brain networks sustain ?

Newer Neural Networks within the cerebrum ( the hemispheres that compose 85% of the brain’s weight) form

A

basic life functions enable memory, emotions and basic drives

specialized work teams that enable our perceiving thinking and speaking

189
Q

Cerebral hemispheres come as a pair and covering the hemispheres, like bark on a tree, is the

A

CEREBRAL CORTEX

190
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

A intricate thin surface layer fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and info processing center

191
Q

As we move up the ladder of animal life, the cerebral cortex ______, tight genetic controls _____ and the organism’s adaptability ___________
Small-cortex animals operate extensively on preprogrammed genetic instruction. Larger Cortex animals offers increased capacity for learning and thinking, which allows them to be more adaptable.

A

Expand

relax

Increase

192
Q

Which area of the human brain is most similar to less complex animals? Which part of the human brain distinguishes us most from less complex animals?

A

1) The brain stem

2) The cerebral cortex

193
Q

Glial Cells (Glia)

A

Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish and protect neurons Provide nutrients and insulating myelin, guide neural connections, and mop up ions and neurotransmitters.

May also play a role in thinking and learning.
By “chatting” with neurons they may participate in information transmission and memory

194
Q

Neurons are to Glial cell as Queen bees are to

A

worker bees

195
Q

In more complex animal’s brains the proportion of glia to neurons increases/decreases

A

INCREASES

196
Q

Analysis of Einstein’s brain reveled that he didn’t have larger or more neurons but a much greater concentration of ?
than in the average person’s brain

A

GLIAL CELLS

197
Q

Each hemisphere’s cortex is subdivided into ? lobes separated by prominent _______

A

4 lobes

Fissures(folds)

198
Q

Names of 4 lobes and location

A

1) Frontal lobes (behind your forehead)
2) Occipital Lobes(Back of the head)
3) Parietal Lobe (Between Frontal Lobes and Occipital Lobes)
4)Temporal Lobes (Above the ears)
Each lobe performs many functions and many functions require cooperation of multiple lobes

199
Q

Motor cortex

A

The area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements

200
Q

Body areas that require more precise control, such as fingers and mouth, occupy ?

A

the greatest amounts of cortical space

201
Q

Which is the input and which is output

Motor cortex and Sensory cortex

A

Input: Sensory Cortex
Output: Motor cortex

202
Q

Left hemisphere section controls the body’s left/right side

A

RIGHT SIDE

203
Q

Left hemisphere section receives input from the body’s left/right side

A

right SIDE

204
Q

Cognitive neural prosthetics are placed in the brain to help control parts of the

A

motor cortex

205
Q

Cognitive neural prosthetics help people who have suffered from

A

amputation or paralysis

206
Q

Sensory Cortex

A

Area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

207
Q

Sensory Cortex purpose

A

The cortical area that specializes in receiving information

Receives info from skin sense and and from movement of body parts

208
Q

What would happen if you stimulated part of the sensory cortex?

A

The person would report being touched on their shoulder, face, etc.

209
Q

Where is the sensory cortex found?

A

Front of parietal lobes, parallel to just behind the motor cortex

210
Q

The more sensitive the body region, the larger/smaller the sensory cortex area devoted to it and VICE VERSA

A

LARGER SENSORY CORTEX AREA

211
Q
A

AP Psychology (8 decks)

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