Chapter 2 Acids and Bases

Question 1

Polar Covalent Bond

Answer 1

Where bonding electrons are more strongly by one atom than the other so the electron distribution is not symmetrical.

Question 2

Electronegativity (EN)

Answer 2

The intrinsic ability of an atom to attract the shard electrons in a covalent bond.

Question 3

Bonds between atoms with electron differences of less than .5, .5-2, and more than 2 are

Answer 3

Nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, Ionic

Question 4

Inductive Effext

Answer 4

The shifting of electrons in a sigma bond in response to the electronegativity of nearby atoms.

Metals inductively donate
Nonmetals inductively withdraw

Question 5

Dipole Moment

Answer 5

The magnitude of the charge Q at either end of the molecular dipole times the distance r between them.

u = Q x r

Measure of net molecular polarity

Question 6

Formal Charge

Answer 6

The number of valence electrons in a neutral, isolated atom minus the number of electrons owned by that bonded atom in a molecule, which is the number of nonbonding electrons plus half of the bonding electrons.

Question 7

Resonance Forms

Answer 7

Multiple individual line bond structures whose only difference is the placement of pi and nonbonding valence electrons.

Question 8

Resonance Hybrid

Answer 8

A hybrid of all resonance forms that is the real structure of the molecule

Question 9

Radical

Answer 9

A substance that contains a single unpaired electron in one of its orbitals, denoted by a dot

Question 10

Bronsted Lowry acid

Answer 10

A substance that donates a hydrogen ion

Question 11

Bronsted Lowry Base

Answer 11

A substance that accepts a hydrogen ion

Question 12

Conjugate base and acid

Answer 12

The product that results when an acid loses a proton, or when a base gains a proton, respectively

Question 13

Acidity Constant (Ka)

Answer 13

Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA]

Question 14

pKa

Answer 14

How acid strengths are normally expressed

pKa = -log Ka

Question 15

Organic Acids

Answer 15

Characterized by the presence of a positively polarized hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative oxygen and those that contain a hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon next to a C=O bond

Question 16

Organic Bases

Answer 16

Characterized by the presence of an atom with a lone pair of electrons that can bond to H+

Question 17

Zwitterion Form

Answer 17

When amino acids undergo an internal acid-base reaction

Question 18

Lewis Acid

Answer 18

Substance that accepts an electron pair

Question 19

Lewis Base

Answer 19

Substance that donates an electron pair

Question 20

Intermolecular forces, van der Waals forces, or noncovalent interactions

Answer 20

Variety of interactions between molecules that strongly affect molecular properties

Examples: dipole dipole forces, dispersion forces, hydrogen bonds

Question 21

Hydrogen Bond

Answer 21

Attractive interaction between a hydrogen bonded to an electronegative O or N atom and an unshared electron pair on another O or N atom