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nerovirology chapter 1 > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

is a window into the

central nervous system

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF

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2
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is of diagnostic value because its composition can

A

give clues to the nature of neurologic diseases of virus origin

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3
Q

functions of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Physical support and protection

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4
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid can be sampled by

A

lumbar

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5
Q

Where within the central nervous system is cerebrospinal fluid located?

A
  • the ventricles of the brain
  • the central canal of the spinal cord
  • the subarachnoid spaces surrounding the brain and spinal cord
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6
Q

Where is the Lateral ventricles found

A

Situated in the lower medial portion of each cerebral hemisphere
Separated by a thin septum
Each lateral ventricle consists of a body, an anterior horn, and posterior horn that extends into the occipital lobe of the brain

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7
Q

where is the third ventricle located

A

A thin centrally placed cleft below the body of the lateral ventricles

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8
Q

the third ventricle Communicates with the lateral ventricles through the

A

Foramen of Monro

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9
Q

the third ventricle Communicates with the fourth ventricles through the

A

the Aqueduct of Sylvius (Central Aqueduct)

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10
Q

what is the fourth ventricle

A
  • An enlargement of the Aqueduct of Sylvius
  • Forms a space in the pons and medulla of the brain
  • Narrows to form the central canal of the spinal cord
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11
Q

what is the meninges

A

Beneath the bony shell of the cranium lie 3 protective tissue
layers that cover the CNS

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12
Q

what are the three meninges

A

Dura mater outermost layer

Arachnoid layer middle layer

Pia mater inner layer

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13
Q

from the meninges:
what layer is the
(Dura mater )

A

outermost layer

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14
Q

from the meninges:
what layer is the
(Arachnoid layer)

A

middle layer

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15
Q

from the meninges:
what layer is the
(Pia mater)

A

inner layer

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16
Q

where do the meninges extend to ?

A

They extend down the brainstem and the spinal cord

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17
Q

what is the The Subarachnoid Space ?

A

is the space between the arachnoid layer and pia mater that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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18
Q

It is within the choroid plexus that cerebrospinal fluid is produced from the

A

plasma of the blood

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19
Q

CSF is not

A

a simple filtrate of plasma

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20
Q

CSF production is the result of

A

active transport by the choroidal epithelium to make the CSF a fluid unique from blood plasma

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21
Q

what are the 4 functions of the cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • Physical support and protection
  • Excretion mechanism for metabolic products
  • Intracerebral transport
  • Maintenance of a stable immunosuppressive “microenvironment” within the CNS
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22
Q

Maintenance of a stable immunosuppressive “microenvironment” within the CNS

A

csf

Helps to maintain the CNS as an immune-privileged site

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23
Q

Serves to distribute biologically active substances within the CNS ( central nerves system) such as hormones and other neuroactive substances (e.g., cytokines and neuropeptides involved in maintaining the immune privilege of brain)

A

csf

Intracerebral transport

24
Q

Physical support and protection

A

> Provides buoyancy for the brain
> When suspended in CSF, a 1500 gm brain with a water content of 80% weighs only 50 gm due to specific gravity of brain vs CSF
> Protective because CSF volume fluctuates reciprocally with changes in intracranial blood volume when skull is intact
> csf Provides a cushioning function for brain during head trauma

25
Q

Serves to remove byproducts of brain metabolism that may be toxic to sensitive neurons and/or glial cells

A

Excretion mechanism for metabolic products

26
Q

what are the three protective tissue

A

Dura mater outermost layer
Arachnoid layer middle layer
Pia mater inner layer

27
Q

what in the choroid plexus line the ventricles of the brain

A

Ependymal cells

From the ependymal cell layer emerges the choroid plexus

28
Q

Each villa contains a blood capillary surrounded by layer of specialized ependymal cells

A

choroidal epithelium

29
Q

Where within the central nervous system is cerebrospinal fluid produced?What is the origin of CSF?

A

It is within the choroid plexus that cerebrospinal fluid is produced from the plasma of the blood

30
Q

during cerebrospinal fluid protection what happens to Chloride & magnesium

A

they increase

31
Q

during cerebrospinal fluid protection what happens to ; potassium & bicarbonate

A

they decrease

32
Q

during cerebrospinal fluid protection what happens to sodium

A

stay equivalent

33
Q

What is the fate of cerebrospinal fluid within the central nervous system?

A

CSF is reabsorbed into the blood

34
Q

what is the Arachnoid Villa

A

An extension of the arachnoid membrane.

The Arachnoid Villa is the site of cerebrospinal fluid reabsorption into the blood

35
Q

———–Functions as a one-way valve permitting unidirectional flow from CSF to blood

A

The Arachnoid Villa

36
Q

what is the Cerebrospinal Fluid normal cell

A

Contains < 5 cells per mm3 (0 - 4 cells)NORMAL

37
Q

what is the Cerebrospinal total protein

A

content of < 40 mg/dl, usually ~35 mg/dl

38
Q

what is the Cerebrospinal total protein content of < 40 mg/dl, usually ~35 mg/dl compared to

A

Compared to 7 gm (not mg!) /dl found in serum

39
Q

what are most proteins in the csf

A

Most of protein is albumen

40
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid Contains a total glucose content of

A

~60 mg/dl (range = 45 - 80 mg/dl)

41
Q

what is the normal Normal blood glucose level in Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Normal blood glucose level is ~90 mg/dl

42
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid Maintains an intracranial pressure (ICP)

A

(ICP) of ~150 mm as measured by manometer

43
Q

what is the cerebrospinal fluid is diagnostic for

A

virus infection of the central nervous system

44
Q

what happens to protein in the cerebrospinal fluid & neurologic disease when there is a virus infection of the CNS

A

Increase in total protein content (albumin, IgG) (breakdown of blood-brain barrier)

45
Q

what happens to glucose in the cerebrospinal fluid & neurologic disease when there is a virus infection of the CNS

A

Decrease in total glucose content (alteration of glucose transport)

46
Q

innate immunity

A
  • Rapid response
  • Local
  • no memory
47
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A
  • Delayed response
  • Systemic
  • Memory
48
Q

Effector T cells

A

Lymphocytes that provide actual protection

49
Q

Cytotoxic T cell (CD8+ T cell)

A

> 

Very specific, very precise

> Kills cell by the process of apoptosis

50
Q

Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) cell (CD4+ T cell)

A

> 

Not specific, kills innocent bystanders
Mechanism of killing involves complex interaction with macrophages and cytokines (IL-2 & IFN-)
Increases capillary permeability that leads to swelling and 		characteristic local reaction ( SWELLING)
Responsible for (1) positive skin tests, and (2) many virus-	promoted rashes and lesions
51
Q

The Blood-Brain Barrier

A

A network of tight endothelial junctions sheathed by glial cells that regulate the molecular access to the central nervous system

52
Q

what is the function of the Blood-Brain Barrier

A

=abnormal variations
=potentially toxic molecules
=immune effectors

  • Protects the brain from abnormal variations in the ionic microenvironment
  • Protects the brain from potentially toxic molecules that find their way into the vasculature
  • Protects the brain from immune effectors that could cause irreversible (and potentially life-threatening) damage to neurologic tissues
53
Q

is an immune-privileged site

A

The brain (CNS)

54
Q

Normal cerebrospinal fluid contains

A

immunoglobulin (IgG), but at levels lower than that of normal blood serum

55
Q

Normal CSF IgG is

A

5 - 12% of total CSF protein

56
Q

Normal serum IgG

A

is 15 - 18% of total serum protein

57
Q

are plasma cell (B cells ) found in normal CSF

A

NO

Just because there are IgG, Doesn’t mean there are b cells because these are plasma

nerovirology chapter 1 (4 decks)

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