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nerovirology chapter 1 > basic virology > Flashcards

basic virology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a virus?

A

A virus is an intracellular parasite that must use the host cell’s machinery to make new progeny infectious virus particles

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2
Q

Characteristics of a virus

A

Contains either RNA or DNA ( never both

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3
Q

characteristic of a virus

A

Not capable of independent growth (parasite)
Not capable of independent protein synthesis
Not capable of independent metabolism

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4
Q

how does a virus replicate

A

Replicates by assembly

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5
Q

can you use antibiotics to kill virus

A

NO! its susceptible to antivirals

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6
Q

Is virus viable even after freezing or crystallization ?

A

yes. the virus can be viable

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7
Q

What is the structure of an animal virus?

A

Viruses are about 2 orders of magnitude smaller than the smallest bacterium

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8
Q

Name 6 of the virus structure

A
  • Viron
  • Capsid
  • Capsomere
  • Nucleocapsid
  • Envelope
  • Tegument
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9
Q

Infectious virus particle

A

Virion

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10
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat ( all viruses have one)

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11
Q

Capsomere

A

Morphological subunit of capsid

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12
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

Capsid containing nucleic acid genome

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13
Q

Envelope

A

Lipoprotein membrane surrounding nucleocapsid

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14
Q

Area between envelope & nucleocapsid

A

Tegument

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15
Q

Capsomeres are determine by two possible capsid symmetries, what are they ?

A

Icosahedral symmetry Helical symmetry

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16
Q

how many casspid symmetry are there and what are they

A

2
Icosahedral symmetry
Helical symmetry

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17
Q

what is a Icosahedral Symmetry

A

Capsomeres form 5 : 3 : 2 symmetry

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18
Q

what does RNA form in the helical symmetry ( capsomeres)

A

Capsomeres arranged as a spiral staircase or helix.

RNA forms a spiral within the nucleocapsid

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19
Q

how does tegument play additional functional role ?

A

-Tegument proteins play functional roles in addition to being structural proteins of the virion

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20
Q

what is tegument known to be

A

composed of virus-encoded proteins

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21
Q

what is tegument proteins function

A

> Function as antigens to stimulate immune response

> May serve to alter host cell functions at time of infection

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22
Q

why does Enveloped viruses differ from nonenveloped

A

if an enveloped virus is infectious.

-An enveloped virus is less stable than a nonenveloped virus

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23
Q

why does non enveloped viruses differ from envelope viruses

A

if an enveloped virus loses its envelope its not not infectious

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24
Q

what is the third type of virus structure

A

complex structure

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25
Q

what is complex structure

A

virions are brick shaped
-External coat consists of lipid and tubular / globular protein structure
-

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26
Q

how do viruses replicate in complex structure

A

replicate in cytoplasmic factories seen by light microscopy

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27
Q

DNA Genomes

A
  • have wide range of sizes from small to large.
  • Most DNA-containing viruses have Double Stranded genomes.
  • Both circular and linear in structure
  • All limited to icosahedral or complex structures
  • Most DNA-containing viruses assemble in the nucleus, but exceptions
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28
Q

IS DNA genomes single stranded or double ?

A

most dna containing viruses have double stranded

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29
Q

RNA Genomes

A

Relatively small, with limited coding capacity

30
Q

is RNA Genomes single stranded or double ?

A

Most RNA-containing viruses have SingleStranded genomes

31
Q

what kind of symmetry is used often in RNA genomes

A

Flexibility of SS RNA molecule allows use of helical symmetry

32
Q

what assemble do you use in RNA genomes

A

Most RNA-containing viruses assemble in the cytoplasm

33
Q

things you may need to know for RNA genomes

A
  • SingleStranded
  • helical symmetry
  • assemble in the cytoplasm
34
Q

single stranded DNA deals with what type of symmetry

A

helical symmetry because it’s easier to bend

35
Q

there are 2 types of sense of RNA genome, what are they ?

A

> Negative (-) RNA genome does not act as mRNA

> Positive (+) RNA genome functions as mRNA

36
Q

what does Negative (-) rna genome mean

A

RNA genome does not act as mRNA

37
Q

what does Positive (+) rna genome mean

A

RNA genome functions as mRNA

38
Q

for the virus to make an enzyme in RNA genomes, it uses

A

replication takes place in RNA or DNA intermediates.
>RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
> RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase)

39
Q

cells of your body

A

DNA –> mRNA –> proteins

40
Q

Cellular genes are encoded in their

A

DNA

41
Q

cells must express this information via messenger

A

RNA (mRNAs)

that are translated in the cytoplasm by ribosomes and associated machinery

42
Q

mRNA ( messenger rna is defined as positive or negative ?

A

Positive

43
Q

mRNAs are central to the programming of

A

virus protein synthesis

44
Q

why is MRNA defined as positive strand

A

because it contains immediately translatable information as mRNA

45
Q

what does Baltimore Classification scheme describes

A

Classification scheme describes the obligatory relationship between virus genome and its mRNA

46
Q

how many Baltimore Classification Scheme are there

A

6 IV

47
Q

what are the structure of Structure of nucleocapsid when comparing

A

> Icosahedral
Helical
Complex

48
Q

what are the type of nucleic acid

A

> RNA

> DNA

49
Q

Structure of genome

in compare and contrast animal viruses

A

> SS or DS
Linear or circular
Single molecule or segmented

50
Q

what is the Baltimore classification (replication) scheme (dependent on messenger RNA)

A 
>  Class I
>  Class IV
>  Class II
>  Class V
>  Class III	
>  Class VI
51
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A

Whereas the cells of your body and bacteria replicate by fission, viruses replicate by assembly

52
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

A virus is an intracellular parasite that must use the host cell’s machinery to make new progeny infectious virus particles

53
Q

how many basic steps of replication are there ??

A

10

54
Q

what are the 10 basic replication steps

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Adsorption (penetration)
  3. Uncoating
  4. Transcription of early mRNAs
  5. Translation of early proteins (enzymes)
  6. Replication of parental virus genome
  7. Transcription of late mRNAs
  8. Translation of late proteins (structural proteins)
  9. Assembly
  10. Release
55
Q

What are the possible outcomes when an animal virus infects a host cell?

A
  • Productive infection
  • Chronic Persistent
  • infection
  • Abortive infection
  • Latent infection
  • Transformation
56
Q

when a virus first enters your body your what type of immunity

A

innate immunity

comes first within hours

57
Q

when a virus enters your body your second what type of immunity

A

Adaptive Immunity

has memory

58
Q

what are the 3 Innate Immunity

A
  • Macrophages
  • Interferons
  • Natural Killer (NK) cells
59
Q

Interferons have

A

Type I interferons & Type II interferons

60
Q

what is Type I interferons

A

(IFN-a and IFN-b antiviral interferons

61
Q

what is Type II interferons

A

(IFN-g) – regulatory interferon adaptive immunity

62
Q

what are the 3 adaptive cell

A
  • Delayed response
  • Systemic
  • Memory
63
Q

what are the 2 asaptive immunity

A

Humoral Immunity B cells
Cellular Immunity T cells
both white blood cell.

64
Q

humoral immunity is mediated by

A

B CELLS

originated by bone marrow

65
Q

cellular immunity is mediated by

A

T cells thymus

66
Q

______ produces antibodies whille ______ does not

A

B cells ( bone marrow ) humoral

Tcells ( thymus) ( cellular)

67
Q

antibodies mean

A

Immunoglobulins

68
Q

Immunoglobulin M (IgM

A

produced before IgG primary infection ( covid testing)

69
Q

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)80%

A

only antibody cross the placenta

70
Q

there are three types of T lymphocytes cells

A

Effector T cells
Regulator T cells
Memory T cells
white blood cells that actually protect you

nerovirology chapter 1 (4 decks)

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