Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
how the nervous system works
A
- Provides commands to organs, muscles, etc. through neurons, which transmit electrochemical signals to one another using neurotransmitters (can be inhibitory or excitatory)
- Signal goes from dendrite -> cell body -> axon -> across the synapse to the next dendrite
- – Axons surrounded by myelin sheath to increase speed of impulses
2
Q
central nervous system
A
- Structure: brain and spinal cord
- 3 main parts of brain: forebrain, cerebellum, brainstem
- Spinal Cord: transmits messages between brain and body using neurons
3
Q
forebrain structure (nervous system)
A
- Uppermost part of brain
- composed of telencephalon (cerebrum and limbic system) and diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
4
Q
cerebrum (nervous system)
A
- part of telencephalon in forebrain
- has 2 halves (right and left hemisphere) and include cerebral cortex
- Structure/function of 4 lobes that make up cerebral cortex:
- Frontal lobe: motor function and mental activities like planning, emotion, self-awareness, personality, etc.
- Temporal lobe: hearing, vision, memory
- Occipital lobe: vision
- Parietal lobe: body sensations like pain, cold, heat, touch, body movement
5
Q
diancephalon (nervous system)
A
- in forebrain; composed of thalamus and hypothalamus
- Thalamus: directs sensory messages to/from cerebrum and skeletal muscles
- Hypothalamus: emotions and motivation (ie. Eating, drinking, sex) -> maintaining homeostasis
6
Q
limbic system (nervous system)
A
- Part of the telencephalon in the forebrain
- Important for expression of emotions
7
Q
structure/function of cerebellum (nervous system)
A
- Below cerebrum
- Coordinates movements and maintains body balance
8
Q
functions of brainstem parts (nervous system)
A
- Midbrain: relays messages to the forebrain
- Pons: eye movements, facial expressions, chewing
- Reticular system: controls sleep, arousal, and attention
- Medulla: breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
9
Q
peripheral nervous system
A
- 2 parts: somatic and autonomic
- Somatic: sensory and motor functions
- Afferent neurons carry messages from sense organ to spinal cord; efferent neurons carry messages to sense organs
- Autonomic: internal organs
- Composed of sympathetic and parasympathetic
10
Q
sympathetic vs. parasympathetic nervous system
A
- part of peripheral nervous system
- Sympathetic: mobilizes energy so we can take action (ie. Increasing blood flow, decreases salivation, etc.)
- Parasympathetic: regulates calming processes so we can store energy (ie. Digesting food, increasing salivation)
11
Q
structure and function of endocrine system
A
- Set of glands that sends chemical messages using hormones secreted by the glands
- Linked to nervous system by the hypothalamus -> gland below it is pituitary gland (“master gland”)
12
Q
function of adrenal glands and role in endocrine system
A
- On top of kidneys, release hormones in response to emergencies and stress (ie. Cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine)
- Cortisol: control swelling when we’re injured
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine: produce bodily reactions like increased heart and respiration rates
13
Q
function of thymus, thyroid, and pancreas in endocrine system
A
- Thymus: in chest; development of anti-bodies and immunities against disease
- Thyroid: in neck, regulates body’s activity level and growth (hypothyrodism = low activity levels, weight gain; hyperthyroidism = high activity level, short attention span)
- Pancreas: regulates blood sugar/glucose by producing glucagon (raises blood sugar) and insulin (lowers it)
14
Q
digestive system
A
- Breaks down what we ingest, converts it into chemicals the body can use, and excretes the rest
- Begins at mouth (chemical and mechanical digestion) -> esophagus (pushes food down to stomach) -> stomach (churns food) -> small intestine/duodenum (neutralizes acid, breaks down, absorbs) -> large intestine/colon (absorbs water, converts to feces) -> rectum (stored until defecation)
15
Q
common disorders of digestive system
A
- peptic ulcers
- hepatitis
- cirrhosis
- cancer
