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Psychology part 2 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

an organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelations

A

theory

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2
Q

a statement that attempts to predict or to account for a set of phenomena; scientific hypotheses specify relations among events or variables and are empirically tested

A

hypothesis

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3
Q

a precise definition of a term in a hypothesis, which specific the operations for observing and measuring the process or phenomenon being defined

A

operational definition

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4
Q

the principle that a scientific theory must make predictions that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of disconfirmation, that is, the theory must predict not only what will happen but also what will not happen

A

principle of falsifiability

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5
Q

the tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms one’s own belief

A

confirmation bias

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6
Q

a group of individuals, selected from a population for study, which matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex

A

representative sample

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7
Q

methods that yield descriptions of behaviour but not necessarily casual explanation

A

descriptive method

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8
Q

a detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated

A

case study

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9
Q

a study in which the researcher carefully and systematically observes and records behaviour without interfering with the behaviour, it may involve either naturalistic or laboratory observation

A

observational study

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10
Q

procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, interests and abilities

A

psychological traits

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11
Q

in test construction, to develop uniform procedures for giving and scoring tests

A

standardize

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12
Q

in test construction, established standard of performance

A

norms

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13
Q

in test construction the consistency of scores derived from a test from one time and place to another

A

reliability

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14
Q

the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure

A

validity

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15
Q

questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly aout their experiences, attitudes or opinions

A

surveys

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16
Q

a shortcoming of findings derived from a sample of volunteers instead of a representative sample the volunteers may differ from those who did not volunteer

A

volunteer bias

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17
Q

a descriptive study that looks for a consistent relation between two phenomenon

A

correlational study

18
Q

a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another

A

correlation

19
Q

characteristics of behaviour or experience that can be measured or described by a numeric scale

A

variables

20
Q

an association between increases in one variable and increases in another, or between decreases in one and in another

A

positive correlation

21
Q

a association between increases in one variable and decreases in another

A

negative correlation

22
Q

a measure of correlation that ranges in values from -1.00 to +1.00

A

coefficient of correlation

23
Q

a controlled test of hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another

A

experiment

24
Q

a variable that an experimenter manipulates

A

independent variable

25
Q

a variable that an experimenter predicts will be affected by manipulations of the dependent variable

A

dependent variable

26
Q

in an experiment, a comparison in which participants are not exposed to the same treatment as in the experimental condition

A

control condition

27
Q

a procedure for assigning people to experimental and control groups in which each individual has the same probability as any other of being assigned to a given group

A

random assignment

28
Q

an inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control in an experiment or given by a medical practitioner to a patient

A

placebo

29
Q

an experiment in which participants do not know whether they are in an experimental or control group

A

single blind study

30
Q

unintended changes in study participants behaviour due to cues inadvertently given by the experimenter

A

experimenter effects

31
Q

an experiment in which neither the people being studied nor the individual running the study know who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group until after the results are tallied

A

double blind study

32
Q

descriptive or experimental research conducted in a natural setting outside the laboratory

A

field research

33
Q

statistical procedures that organize and summarize research data

A

descriptive statistics

34
Q

an average that is calculated by adding up a set of quantities and dividing the sum by the total number of quantities in the set

A

arithmetic mean

35
Q

a commonly used measure of variability that indicates the average difference between scores in a distribution and their mean

A

standard deviation

36
Q

statistical procedures that allow researchers to draw inferences about how statistically meaningful a study’s results are

A

inferential statistics

37
Q

statistical tests that show how likely it is that a study’s results occurred merely by chance

A

significance tests

38
Q

a study in which people (or people) of different ages are compared at any given time

A

cross sectional study

39
Q

a study in which people (or animals) are followed and periodically reassessed over a period of time

A

longitudinal study

40
Q

the amount of variance among scores in a study accounted for by the independent variable

A

effect size

41
Q

a procedure for combining and analyzing data from many studies, it determines how much of the variance in scores across all studies can be explained by a particular variable

A

meta-analysis

42
Q

the doctrine that anyone who participates in human research must do so voluntarily and must know enough about the study to make an intelligent decisions about whether to take part

A

informed consent

Psychology part 2 (5 decks)

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