Chapter 14 Flashcards
a distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviour thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterized an individual
personality
a characteristic of an individual describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking and feeling
trait
a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy developed by Sigmund Freud, it emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts
psychoanalysis
theories that explain behaviour and personality in terms of unconscious energy dynamics within the individual
psychodynamic theories
in psychoanalysis, the part of personality containing inherited psychic energy, particularly sexual and aggressive instincts
ID
in psychoanalysis, the psychic energy that fuels the life or sexual instincts of the ID
Libido
the psychoanalysis, the part of personality that represents reason, good sense, and social standards.
EGO
in psychoanalysis, the part of personality that represents conscience, morality, and social standards
SUPER-EGO
methods used by the ego to prevent unconscious anxiety or threatening thoughts from entering consciousness
defence mechanisms
in Freud’s theory, the idea that sexual energy takes different forms as the child matures, the stages are oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital
psychosexual stages
in psychoanalysis, a conflict occurring in the phallic stage in which a child desires the parent of the other sex and views the same sex parent as a rival
Oedipus complex
in Jungian theory, the universal memories and experiences of humankind, represented in the symbols, stories, and images (archetypes) that occur across all cultures.
collective unconscious
universal, symbolic images that appear in myths, art, stories and dreams, to Junians, they reflect the collective unconscious
archetypes
a psychodynamic approach that emphasizes the importance of the infant’s first two years of life and the baby’s formative relationships especially with the mother
object-relations school
standardized questionnaires requiring written responses, they typically include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves
objective tests (inventories)
a statistical method for analyzing the intercorrelations among various measures or test scores, clusters of measures or scores that are highly correlated are assumed to measure the same underlying trait or ability (factor)
factor analysis
physiological disposition to repsond to the environment in certain ways, they are present in infancy and in many nonhuman species ans are assumed to be innate
temperaments
a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributed to genetic differences among individuals within a group
heritability
in social cognitive theories, the two way interaction between aspects of the environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits
reciprocal determinism
unique aspects of a persons environment and experience that are not shared with family members
non-shared environment
a program o shared rules that governs the behaviour of members of a community or society and a set of values, beliefs and attitudes shared by most members of the community
culture
cultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous and individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations with others
individualist cultures
cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships and harmony with ones group is prized above individual goals and wishes
collectivist cultures
a psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth resistance, and the achievement of human potential
humanist psychology
to Carl Rogers, love or support given to another person with no conditions attached
unconditional positive regard
a philosophical approach that emphasizes the inevitable dilemmas and challenges of human existence
existentialism
