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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Model

A

A set of assumptions and concepts that help scientists explain and interpret observations. Also called a paradigm.

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2
Q

Neuron

A

A nerve cell

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3
Q

Synapse

A

The tiny space between the nerve ending of one neuron and the dendrite of another

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4
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical that, released by one neuron, crosses the synaptic space to be received at receptors on the dendrites of neighboring neurons

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5
Q

Receptors

A

A site on a neuron that receives a neurotransmitter

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6
Q

Endocrine system

A

Endocrine glands work along with neuron to control vital activities

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7
Q

Hormone

A

The chemicals released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream

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8
Q

Gene

A

Chromosome segments that control the characteristics and traits we inherit

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9
Q

Evolution

A

Contributes to abnormal functioning

Ex. Fear helped ancestors escape danger and threats, now leads to anxiety disorders

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10
Q

Psychotropic medication

A

Drugs that primarily affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning

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11
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

A form of biological treatment, used primarily on depressed patients, in which a brain seizure is triggered as an electric current passes through electrodes attached to the patient’s forehead

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12
Q

Psychosurgery

A

Brain surgery for mental disorders. Also called neurosurgery.

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13
Q

Unconscious

A

Unavailable to immediate awareness

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14
Q

ID

A

According the Freud, the psychological force that produces instinctual needs, drives, and impulses

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15
Q

Ego

A

According to Freud, the psychological force that employs reason and operates in accordance with the reality principle

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16
Q

Ego defense mechanism

A

According to psychoanalysis theory, strategies developed by the ego to control unacceptable id impulses and to avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse

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17
Q

Superego

A

According to Freud, the psychological force that represents a person’s values and ideals

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18
Q

Fixation

A

According to Freud, a condition in which the id, ego, and superego do not mature properly and are frozen at an early stage of development

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19
Q

Ego theory

A

Emphasize the role of the ego and consider it a more independent and powerful force than Freud did

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20
Q

Self theory

A

Give the greatest attention to the role of the self–the unified personality

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21
Q

Object relations theory

A

Propose that people are motivated mainly by a need to have relationships with other and that severe problems in the relationships between children and their caregivers may lead to abnormal development

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22
Q

Free association

A

A psychodynamic technique in which the patient describes any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind, even if it seems unimportant

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23
Q

Resistance

A

An unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy

24
Q

Transference

A

According to psychodynamic theorists, the redirection toward the psychotherapist of feelings associated with important figures in a patient’s life, now or in the past

25
Q

Dream

A

A series of ideas and images that form during sleep

26
Q

Catharsis

A

The reliving of past repressed feelings in order to settle internal conflicts and overcome problems

27
Q

Working through

A

The process in which the patient and the therapist must examine the same issues over and over in the course of many sessions each with greater therapy

28
Q

Short-term psychodynamic therapies

A

Patients choose a single problem to work on

29
Q

Relational psychoanalytic therapy

A

Argues that therapists are key figures in the lives of patients, so they should disclose things about themselves and their own reactions to patients

30
Q

Conditioning

A

A simple form of learning

31
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A process of learning in which behavior that leads to satisfying consequences is likely to be repeated

32
Q

Modeling

A

A process of learning in which an individual acquires response by observing and imitation others

33
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A process of learning by temporal association in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become fused in a person’s mind and produce the same response

34
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

A behavioral treatment in which clients with phobias learn to react calmly instead of with intense fear to the objects or situations they dread

35
Q

Self-efficacy

A

People must know that they can master and perform needed behaviors whenever necessary

36
Q

Cognitive-behavioral therapies

A

Helped clients to change both counterproductive behaviors and dysfunctional ways of thinking by bridging the behavioral model and cognitive model

37
Q

Cognitive therapy

A

A therapy developed by Aaron Beck that helps people recognize and change their faulty thinking processes

38
Q

New wave of cognitive therapies

A

Help clients to simply be mindful of and accept many of their problematic thoughts rather than judge them, act on them, or try to fruitlessly to change them

39
Q

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

A

A widely used form of the “new wave of cognitive therapies”

40
Q

Self-actualization

A

The humanistic process by which people fulfill their potential for goodness and growth

41
Q

Client-centered therapy

A

The humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which clients try to help clients by conveying acceptance, accurate empathy, and genuineness

42
Q

Gestalt therapy

A

The humanistic therapy developed by Fritz Perls in which clinicians actively move clients toward self-recognition and self-acceptance by using techniques such as role playing and self-discovery exercises

43
Q

Spiritual interventions

A

Studies have found that people who are devout and who view God as warm, caring, helpful, and dependable tend to be less lonely, pessimistic, depressed, or anxious than people without any religious beliefs or those who view God as cold and unresponsive

44
Q

Existential therapy

A

A therapy that encourages clients to accept responsibility for their lives and to live with greater meaning and value

45
Q

Family-social perspective

A

Argue that clinical theorists should concentrate on those broad forces that operate directly on an individual as he or she moves through life

46
Q

Family systems theory

A

A theory that views the family as a system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent patterns and unstated rules

47
Q

Group therapy

A

A therapy format in which a group of people with similar problems meet together with a therapist to work on those problems

48
Q

Self-help group

A

A group made up of people with similar problems who help and support one another without the direct leadership of a clinician. Also called a mutual help group.

49
Q

Family therapy

A

A therapy format in which the therapist meets with all members of a family and helps them to change in therapeutic ways

50
Q

Couple therapy

A

A therapy format in which the therapist works with two people who share a long-term relationship. Also called marital therapy.

51
Q

Community mental health treatment

A

A treatment approach that emphasizes community care

52
Q

Multicultural perspective

A

The view that that each culture within a larger society has a particular set of values and beliefs, as well as special external pressures, that help account for the behavior of its members. Also called culturally diverse perspective.

53
Q

Culture-sensitive therapy

A

Approaches that seek to address the unique issues faced by members of minority groups

54
Q

Gender-sensitive therapy

A

Therapies geared toward the pressures of being female

55
Q

Diathesis-stress explanation

A

People must first have a biological, psychological, or sociocultural predisposition to develop a disorder and must then be subjected to episodes of severe stress

Abnormal Psychology (3 decks)

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