Chapter 2-4: Cell Bio Review Flashcards
Define matter and energy.
Matter is made up of atoms and takes up space and has a mass.
Energy is the capacity to do work.
Describe difference between kinetic and potential and give examples
Potential energy is the amount of work an object is able to do given its location, example is a ball on top of a hill.
Kinetic energy is the amount of energy of an object while in motion, example is when on roller coaster.
Ionic Bond
Weak attraction between anion and cation
Covalent Bond
Sharing electron pairs between nuclei
Single Covalent
Sharing 1 pair of electrons
Double Covalent
Sharing 2 pairs of electrons
Nonpolar Covalent
Electrons are equally shared
Polar Covalent
Electrons are more attracted to nucleus of one molecule so there is uneven charge on molecule
Hydrogen Bond
Weak attraction between positive H and negative oxygen or nitrogen
Van der Waals
Brief attractions between neutral atoms due to natural rotation patterns of electrons.
Define redox reactions and recognize importance during cell respiration.
Redox reactions is the oxidation (losing electrons) of one molecule and the reduction (gaining electrons) of another. This is important in cell respiration because glucose is oxidized (losing H’s) and oxygen is reduced (gaining H’s).
Define dehydration synthesis.
This occurs as a pair of monomers connect to create a larger molecule (polysaccharides). The -H at the end of 1 molecule binds with the -OH at the end of the other to form the large molecule, creating water.
Define hydrolysis.
This occurs for breakdown of large molecules into monomers by adding an water in the form of H+ and OH-.
What is the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions?
Exergonic: net release of energy, spontaneous, negative change in energy because less final energy
Endergonic: absorbs energy, not spontaneous, positive change in energy because more final energy
Define acid and base.
Acid: pH less than 7, high concentration of H+
Base: pH greater than 7, high concentration of OH-
Define pH
Measurement (log of) of molarity of H+
Define buffer and neutrality
Buffer: minimizes the change in concentration of H+ and OH-
Neutrality: H+ concentration equals that of OH-
Types of lipids:
Fatty acids: precursor of triglycerides, source of E
Triglycerides: E storage, insulation, binds organs, cushions organs
Phospholipids: cell membrane, fat digestion
Eicosanoids: chemical messengers
Steroids: chemical messengers
Types of carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides: glucose, galactose, fructose. Blood sugar is E source for cells
Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose, maltose. Digested to glucose
Polysaccharides: Cellulose, Starch, Glycogen. E storage
Glycoproteins: cell surface coat and mucus
Types of proteins:
Amino Acids: Make proteins. C with -NH2 (amino group), -COOH (carboxyl), and -R (radical)
Peptide Bonds: attach amino acids
What is the structure of a nucleotide?
- C-N ring (nitrogenous base)
- Sugar
- Phosphate groups
What is the structure of ATP?
- Adenosine (nitrogenous base)
- Ribose (sugar)
- 3 phosphate groups
What is DNA?
Made up of nucleotides, makes up genes
What is RNA?
Made up of nucleotides, gives instruction for synthesizing proteins. Makes sure amino acids are in the right order to create proteins
What is an enzyme and how does it function?
An enzyme is a catalyst (usually protein) that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy a reaction needs to get started.
What are the functions of the plasma membrane?
Surrounds the cell, giving it boundaries.
What are the functions of the nucleus?
Houses the genetic material to carry out protein synthesis. Site of protein synthesis.
What is the difference between active and passive transport?
Passive uses concentration gradient, doesn’t require energy input while active requires energy.
What is simple diffusion?
Natural movement of particles down concentration gradient.
What is facilitated diffusion?
Transport of molecules down concentration gradient through selectively permeable membrane via carrier (no direct ATP)
What is osmosis?
Net flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane due to difference in solute concentration or mechanical
What is filtration?
Movement of water and solutes through selectively permeable membrane due to hydrostatic pressure
What is vesicular transport?
Using ATP, movement of solutes and solvents through plasma membrane via vesicles.
What is endocytosis?
Vesicular transport of particles into cell
What is exocytosis?
Eliminating meterial from cell by creating vesicle within cell, fusing with membrane and expelling contents outside.
What is phagocytosis?
“Cell eating” where cells engulf large particles via pseudopods
What is pinocytosis?
“Cell drinking”, where cell imbibes extracellular fluid via the plasma membrane pinching inwards with droplets
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
Phagocytosis or pinocytosis where specific solutes bind to receptors on membrane and are taken in, in clathrin-coated vesicles
What is the difference between primary and secondary active transport systems?
Primary uses an ATP-powered pump to transport particles, while in secondary, the pump itself doesn’t use ATP but relies on energy produced via ionic concentration differences
What is cotransport?
Transportation of 2+ solutes at the same time in the same direction through membrane via facilitated diffusion or active transport
What is countertransport?
Transport of 2+ solutes in opposite directions through membrane
What is uniport?
Carrier that transports only one solute
What is symport?
Carrier for cotransport
What is antiport?
Carrier for countertransport
What is the reaction for cellular respiration forwards and backwards?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O
State the steps of mitosis:
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
- Cytokinesis
Define metabolism using catabolism and anabolism:
Metabolism of the body is the combined process of breaking down molecules (catabolism) and building new molecules (anabolism)
What is the structure of DNA?
Adenine: either pyrmidine (single C) or purine (double C)
Deoxyribose
Phosphate
What does the process of protein synthesis look like?
Transcription: DNA to mRNA in nucleus
Translation: mRNA to protein in cytoplasm
