Chapter 2

Question 1

Essentialism

Answer 1

Great Chain of Being

Question 2

Catastrophism

Answer 2

Cuvier. Natural disasters drive species extinct and cause appearance of new species.

Question 3

Uniformitarianism

Answer 3

Lyell. Geology, continuous processes throughout history.

Question 4

Transformational Evolution

Answer 4

Lamarck. Individual organisms transform directly in response to changing environment.

Question 5

Darwinian Evolution

Answer 5

Variation, common origin, natural selection.

Question 6

Population Thinking

Answer 6

Variation within population. Individuals with traits suited to environment are more likely to survive, procreate, and have fit progeny.

Question 7

Adaptation

Answer 7

Traits shaped by natural selection for the function they perform.

Question 8

Heredity

Answer 8

Pangenesis- each parent generated particles that reflect unique traits

Mendelian- traits don’t blend, dominant and recessive traits

Question 9

Gene

Answer 9

Biological unit of heredity. Portion of DNA molecule.

Question 10

Alleles

Answer 10

Represent different forms of a gene

Question 11

Chromosomes

Answer 11

Alleles located on chromosome. Occur in pairs in cell nuclei.

Question 12

Homozygous

Answer 12

Same alleles for specific trait

Question 13

Heterozygous

Answer 13

Different alleles for specific trait

Question 14

Mitosis

Answer 14

Copying of body cells

Question 15

Meiosis

Answer 15

Replication of sex cells

Question 16

Locus

Answer 16

portion of DNA that encodes part of biological makeup

Question 17

Linkage

Answer 17

Inheritance pattern. Unrelated phenotypic traits occur together bc genes on same chromosome.

Question 18

Crossing over

Answer 18

Part of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches to a different chromosome during meiosis

Question 19

Discontinuous Variation

Answer 19

1 allele = 1 trait

Question 20

Polygeny

Answer 20

Many genes = 1 trait

Question 21

Pleiotropy

Answer 21

1 gene = many traits

Question 22

Continuous

Answer 22

Polygeny resulting in traits that grade from one member of population to next.

Question 23

Mutation

Answer 23

create new allele for gene

Question 24

Genotype

Answer 24

genetic structure of organism

Question 25

Phenotype

Answer 25

visible expression of genotype

Question 26

Niche construction

Answer 26

organism actively changing environment or migration

Question 27

Genome

Answer 27

sum of all genetic information about an organism, carried on chromosomes

Question 28

Human Agency

Answer 28

The way people struggle to exercise control over their lives.