Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL1115 LECTURE > Chapter 2,3,4,5,6 > Flashcards

Chapter 2,3,4,5,6 Flashcards

1
Q

what are atoms?

A

building blocks of matter composed of atoms protons and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how do electrons determine atoms?

A

determines characteristic of atoms and behaviour, electron’s position indicates energy level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is atomic number

A

represents # of protons in atom and specifies atom as a particular element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is atomic mass

A

combined number of protons and neutrons in atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are isotopes?

A

atoms of same element but different atomic mass, neutron # differs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how are isotopes used?

A

due to radioactivity of some isotopes, used in carbon dating, medical purposes, radiotherapy, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are ions?

A

atoms that have lost or gained electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are cations?

A

ions that lost electrons, positively charged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are anions?

A

ions that gained electrons, negatively charged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are covalent bonds?

A

bonds formed when two atoms equally share a pair of valence electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is an atom’s valency?

A

of electrons an atom needs to gain/lose to complete its valence shell, # of covalent bonds an atom can form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are valence electrons?

A

electrons found in an atom’s outermost shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are nonpolar bonds?

A

bonds where atoms share electrons equally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are polar bonds?

A

bonds where atoms share electrons unequally, presence of dipole or partial charges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are ionic bonds?

A

bonds that occur when two atoms are so unequal in their attraction for electrons that more electronegative ion strips away an electron from its partner resulting in complete ionic transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are solvation spheres?

A

when ions are dissolved in water, they become surrounded by water molecules that are attracted to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are hydrogen bonds?

A

interaction of a hydrogen atom and a more electronegative atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do hydrogen bonds do in biological molecules?

A

they stabilize them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

rank strength of bonds from least to greatest

A

hydrogen - ionic - polar covalent - nonpolar covalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are characteristics of water

A

cohesive behaviour, expansion upon freezing, ability to moderate temp, solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is water’s cohesive behaviour?

A

water molecules have a tendency to stick together and to other polar molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how does water defy gravity and go to top of trees?

A

water acts as medium of transport, adheres to polar surfaces of cell walls, allows things to move without friction, adhesion to cell wall helps resist downward pull of gravity, pressure difference in plants pull water to top of tree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

explain water’s expansion upon freezing

A

water is less dense as solid compared to liquid, ice has fewer water molecules than an equal volume of liquid water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is water’s ability to moderate temp?

A

water resists large temp. changes because hydrogen bonds must break before water can change temp, billions of hydrogen bonds in water, water has high heat capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

why is water a versatile solvent?

A

because of its polarity, water can dissolve more substances than any other liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules because the sharing of electrons is not equal between oxygen and hydrogen. When a water molecule is formed by two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atoms, a polar covalent bond is formed. The larger more electronegative oxygen atom assumes a partial negative charge, attracting hydrogen from other water molecules which have a partial positive charge.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is an element?

A

pure substances made with one type of atoms that cannot be broken down further

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what elements are most abundant in living matter?

A

C H O N make up 96% along with Ca, P, S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is a compound?

A

more than one type of atoms that can be further broken down via chemical reactions/purification into their elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is a molecule?

A

atoms held together by chemical bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are ionic compounds?

A

ions held together by ionic bonds

32
Q

the ability of other atoms to combine with other atoms is determined by what?

A

distribution of electrons in its valence shell

33
Q

what does the number of valency electrons mean in an atom?

A

determines how reactive it is,

34
Q

what is molecule stability?

A

when molecules tend to be more stable when they share enough electrons to fill valence shell

35
Q

what are hydrophobic substances?

A

water-fearing, nonpolar

36
Q

what are hydrophilic substances?

A

water-loving, polar

37
Q

what are buffers?

A

substances that minimize concentration changes of H+ and OH- , most consist of a weak acid-base pair

38
Q

how do buffers work?

A

reversibly work by either accepting or donation H+

39
Q

what are organic compounds

A

molecules that contain carbon and are found/manufactured by organisms

40
Q

why is carbon prevalent in organic compounds?

A

has 4 electrons in valence shell, behaves as if it has four unpaired valence electrons and can form 4 covalent bonds with other molecules

41
Q

how are single and double bonds different?

A

double bonds are stronger and not free to rotate, have flat shape

42
Q

what are isomers?

A

molecules with same chemical formula but different structures or spatial arrangements

43
Q

what are structural isomers?

A

isomers that differ in covalent bond arrangement of carbon skeleton, minimum of 4 carbons in chemical formula to have structural isomers

44
Q

what are geometric isomers?

A

isomers with same covalent bond arrangements but atoms differ in spatial arrangement

45
Q

why can butan not form geometric isomers?

A

it only has single carbon bonds

46
Q

what are enantiomers?

A

isomers that are mirror images of each other due to presence of chiral/asymmetric carbon, carbon is attached to 4 different types of groups

47
Q

what are proteins?

A

most diverse class of macromolecules, act as structural support for cells, acts as catalysts to facilitate or speed up reactions

48
Q

what does an amino acid generally look like?

A

central carbon covalently bonded to COOH group, NH2 group, hydrogen atom, and an R group

49
Q

can amino acids form enantiomers?

A

yes except for glycine (R group is a hydrogen atom)

50
Q

amino acid monomers are linked by a _________.

A

peptide bond

51
Q

what are nucleic acids?

A

encodes genetic info in their nucleotide sequence

52
Q

what are components of nucleic acids?

A

5-carbon sugar, phosphate groups, nitrogenous bases

53
Q

adjacent nucleotide pairs are joined together by _________.

A

phosphodiester bonds

54
Q

why does hydrolysis not occur spontaneously in nucleic acids?

A

lack of enzymes that facilitate or speed up hydrolysis reaction

55
Q

sugars are linked together by a covalent _______.

A

glycosidic bond

56
Q

what is empirical formula of carbs?

A

[CH2O]n

57
Q

monosaccharides serve as what?

A

major source of energy for cells and as raw material for building molecules

58
Q

what is starch?

A

storage polysaccharide used by plants for energy

59
Q

what is cellulose?

A

structural polysaccharide and major component of plant cell walls

60
Q

why can we digest starch but not cellulose

A

due to difference on two ring forms for glucose, enzymes recognize starch but not cellulose

61
Q

what is glycogen?

A

storage form of glucose for animals

62
Q

what are carbs on cell surfaces involved in?

A

cell to cell recognition

63
Q

what are lipids?

A

hydrophobic nonpolar molecules not composed of any single monomers

64
Q

what are major functions of lipids?

A

composing plasma membrane, energy storage and insulation

65
Q

what are lipids constructed from?

A

triacyl glycerol/ triglycerides are constructed from glycerol and fatty acids

66
Q

what kind of bonds are glycerol and fatty acids linked by?

A

ester linkages

67
Q

what are saturated fatty acids?

A

max number of hydrogen atoms, no double bonds

68
Q

what are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

one or more double bonds

69
Q

what are cis-fats?

A

kink at each double bond, liquid at room temp

70
Q

what are trans-fats?

A

no kink at double bonds, solid at room temp

71
Q

why are cis-fats liquid but trans-fats solid?

A

kinked fatty acid chains prevent tight packing, attraction is weaker, requires less energy to melt

72
Q

what are Van Der Waals forces?

A

temporary dipoles forms due to constant electron motion in fatty acid chains, regions of slight charges attracted or repelled by neighbouring molecules

73
Q

what are phospholipids?

A

lipids with polar phosphate head that form semipermeable bilayer for cell membranes

74
Q

what are steroids?

A

makes up cell membranes and strengthens them, all derived from cholesterol, functions as hormones

75
Q

what are functional groups?

A

specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to carbon skeletons of organic molecules and are involved in chemical reactions

BIOL1115 LECTURE (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions