Chapter 2-3 Flashcards
from the ppt given by Ms. Kressel in teams
what is the most common disease carried by Anopheles mosquito?
malaria
aside from malaria, anopheles are also known vectors of what disease
filariasis
what 3 anopheles spp are vectors of filariasis
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Brugia timori
differentiate the pupal abdominal segments of anopheles and culicines
anopheles - pupal abdominal segments has numerous short setae, segments may be 2-7 or 3-7 along with shirt peg-lines
culicines - do not have any of that
define the wings of anopheles
they have spotted wings that is dark and pale scales that are arranged in small blocks or areas on the veins
what characteristics of wings helps in identifying the species?
the number, length, and arrangement of dark and pale areas on the wings
differentiate the palp of male and female anopheles, and what is their similarity?
male - enlarged apically
female - not enlarged
similarity: palp of both is as long as the proboscis
how many eggs do anopheles lay after mating and blood-feeding?
50-200
define the characteristic of the egg of the anopheles
small brown or blackish boat-shaped eggs
where do anopheles spp lay their eggs?
on the water surface
can anopheles eggs withstand desiccation?
anopheles eggs cannot withstand desiccation
how long does it take for larval period to lasts in tropical countries?
7 days only
how long does it take for larval period to lasts in cooler climates?
2-4 weeks
larval period in which climate lasts longer, cooler or tropical?
cooler
how do eggs of anopheles breathe in air?
they breathe air through their spiracles
do the pupae remain floating in the water surface after being laid (?)
yes
what happens when a pupae in the water surface is disturbed?
they swim vigorously down to the bottom with characteristic jerky movements
what four parasites does genus anopheles transmit?
Plasmodium falciparum
P. vivax
P. malariae
P. ovale
what disease does the 4 parasites transmitted by anopheles causes?
human malaria
where do the sexual cycle of the malaria parasite occurs?
in the vector
between the mosquito and humans, which is the definitive and intermediate host?
the definitive host is the mosquito, whereas the intermediate host is the human
the cyclical development including a sexual cycle that occurs in the stomach of the mosquito is called
sporogony
do asexual forms of malaria parasite survive in the mosquitoes stomach?
no. only gametocytes survive in mosquitoes stomach; all other blood forms of malaria parasites are destroyed.
define exflagellation
it is where the male gametocytes (also referred to as microgametocytes) extrude flagella which is the male gametes (microgametes)
geographical distribution of P. vivax
occurs tropical and temperate regions; very common
geographical distribution of p. malariae
tropical and temperate region; not very common
geographical distribution of p. falciparum
tropical region; very common
geographical distribution of p. ovale
west africa and south america
age of erythrocytes preferred by p. vivax
young
age of erythrocytes preferred by p. malariae
old
age of erythrocytes preferred by p. falciparum
all ages
age of erythrocytes preferred by p. ovale
unknown
number of parasites per cubic mm. of blood of p. vivax
20 - 40,000
number of parasites per cubic mm. of blood of p. malariae
5 - 10,000
number of parasites per cubic mm. of blood of p. falciparum
50 - 100,000
number of parasites per cubic mm. of blood of p. ovale
unknown
define the trophozoite of p. vivax
ring like form is large and grows into a highly amoeboid form with prominent vacuoles
define the trophozoite of p. malariae
ring like form is large and grows into a slightly amoeboid band like form with inconspicuous vacuoles
define the trophozoite of p. falciparum
ring like form is rather small and grows into a compact amoeboid for. there may be 2 or more parasites on one erythrocyte
define the trophozoite of p. ovale
ring like form is large and grows into amoeboid form
define schizont of p. vivax
large than a normal erythrocyte
define schizont of p. malariae
slightly smaller than a normal erythrocyte
define schizont of p. falciparum
much smaller than a normal erythrocyte
define schizont of p. ovale
smaller than a normal erythrocyte
define the infected erythrocyte of p. vivax
it becomes enlarged and frequently distorted
define the infected erythrocyte of p. malariae
does not enlarge
define the infected erythrocyte of p. falciparum
does not enlarge but may get slightly distorted
define the infected erythrocyte of p. ovale
becomes enlarged and oval
describe haematin of p. vivax
light brown in fine granules evenly
describe haematin of p. malariae
dark brown in coarse granules
describe haematin of p. falciparum
dark in one or two solid masses
describe haematin of p. ovale
light brown scattered
number of merozoites of p. vivax
12-24 (usually 16)
number of merozoites of p. malariae
6-12 (usually 8 or 10)
number of merozoites of p. falciparim
12-24 (usually 6-12)
number of merozoites of p. ovale
6-12 (usually 8)
duration of erythrocytic schizogony of p. vivax
48 hours
duration of erythrocytic schizogony of p. malariae
73 hours
duration of erythrocytic schizogony of p. falciparum
48 hours but generally irregular
duration of erythrocytic schizogony of p. ovale
48 hours
incubation period of p. vivax
10-14 days
incubation period of p. malariae
28-35 hours
incubation period of p. falciparum
few day
incubation period of p. ovale
14 days
type of malaria caused by p. vivax
benign tertian recurs every third day; mild seldom fatal
type of malaria caused by p. malariae
quartan recurs every fourth day; often fatal
type of malaria caused by p. falciparum
quotidian that recur daily or malignant tertian that recurs every third day or irregular; often fatal
type of malaria caused by p. ovale
benign tertian recurs every third day; mild not fatal
describe gametocytes of p. vivax
round or oval; larger than a normal erythrocytes
describe gametocytes of p. malariae
rounded or ovoid; about the size of a normal erythrocytes
describe gametocytes of p. falciparum
crescentic; somewhat larger than a normal erythrocyte
describe gametocytes of p. ovale
ovoid; larger than a normal erythrocyte
what are the three common antimalarial drugs?
- Chloroquine phosphate
- Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs)
- Prophylaxis: Atovaquone/Proguanil (Malarone)
what is chloroquine phosphate?
an antimalarial rug that is the preferred treatment for any parasite that is sensitive to the drug. however, many parts of the world, parasites are resistant to chloroquine making the drug no longer effective
what is artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs)
it is a combination of two or more drugs that work against the malaria parasite in different ways. this is the preferred treatment for chloroquine resistant malaria
example of ACTs medical treatment
artemether-lumefantrine (coartem) and artesunate-mefloquine
how is Prophylaxis: Atovaquone/Proguanil (Malarone) taken by adults or children?
adults - 1 table / day
children - 5-8 kg, 1/2 pediatric tablet daily
anopheles spp. transmit what filarial worms to humans? give the 3
- wuchereria bancroft
- brugia malayi
- brugia timori
in what countries are wuchereria bancrofti common?
they are most widespread filarial infections of humans situated in many subtropical and tropical countries in Africa, Asia, South Pacific, and Americas.
bancroftian filariasis; is it a rural or urban disease?
urban
what countries is b. malayi commonly found?
occurs in asian countries such as southern india, malaysia, vietnam, indonesia, thailand, papua new guine, and the philippines.
in what countries are b. malayi NOT found?
africa and americas
is b. malayi an urban or rural disease?
it is a rural disease that has restricted distribution
microfilariae, nocturnally periodic or not?
nocturnally periodic
microfilariae during the day
located in the blood vessels supplying the lungs
what is the total cessation of transmission and elimination of the reservoir of infection in people so that at the end of the antimalaria campaign there is no resumption of transmission?
malaria eradication
this refers to reducing malaria transmission to an acceptable rate that is to a level that no longer constitutes a major public health problem?
malaria control
what is malaria eradication
it is the total cessation of elimination and transmission of the reservoir of infection
what is malaria control
it means reducing malaria transmission to acceptable rate that no longer cause major public health problem
how many genera are in subfamily culicinae
38 genera
what are the 5 medically important genera of culicinae?
culex, aedes, haemogogus, sabethes, and mansonia
culex mosquitoes are found more or less worldwide. but they are absent from what parts of the world?
they are absent from the extreme northern parts of the temperate zones
define the characteristics of culex mosquitoes eggs
they are usually brown, and long and cylindrical
eggs of culex mosquitoes are laid where?
they are laid upright on the water surface, placed together to form an egg raft that can comprise up to about 300 eggs
define the characteristic of larval siphon
often long and narrow, but it can also be short and fat
define the characteristic of adult culex mosquitos
they have frequently, not always, thorax, legs, and wing veins covered with dull-colored, often brown, scales
define the abdominal characteristic of adult culex mosquito
covered with brown or blackish scale, but some whitish scales may occur on most segments
describe the tarsi of culex mosquito
claws on all tarsi are simple and those on the hind tarsi are very small
what culex spp mosquitoes is a vector of bancroftian filariasis?
culex quinquefasciatus
eggs of culex mosquitoes are laid in?
in a great variety of aquatic habitat, breeding in water polluted with organic debris such as rotting vegetation, household refuse, and excreta
where are larvae of culex spp found?
commonly found in partially blocked drains and ditches, soak away pits and septic tanks, and in village pots?
what culex spp is a vector of japanese encephalitis?
culex tritaeniorhynchus
where do c. tritaeniorhynchus breed?
in ricefields and grassy pools.
in what country are larvae of c. tritaeniorhynchus uncommon in fishponds?
southern asia
when do culex species bite humans, or hosts? morning or night time?
night time. specifically c. quinquefasciatus
geographic distribution of aedes spp
they are worldwide distributed; its range extends well into northern and arctic areas
aedes spp are pests to ?
aedes spp can be vicious biters and serious pests to people and livestock of northern and arctic areas
define the characteristic of aedes spp eggs
usually black, more or less ovoid in shape, and are always laid singly; can withstand desiccation
define eggshell of aedes spp
contains a distinctive mosaic pattern
where do ae. aegypti breeds
it breeds in water-storage pots or jars that are either inside or outside houses
where do larvae of ae. aegypti occurs?
it occurs mainly in those having clean water intended for drinking
an aedes spp that is involved in the sylvatic transmission of yellow fever
aedes africanus, an african species
where do ae. africanus breeds
in tree-holes and bamboo stumps
life cycle of aedes mosquitoes, how long?
from eggs to adults - can be rapid, taking as little as seven days. but usually, it takes 10-12 days
life cycle of aedes mosquitoes depending on temperature
in temperate species - life cycle may last several weeks to many months.
some species overwinter as eggs or larvae
when do adults of aedes spp bite?
they bite mainly during the day or early evening
occurrence of aedes spp biting?
occurs outdoors and adults usually rest out of doors before and after feeding
where are haemogogus mosquitoes only found?
in central and south america
define the eggs of haemogogus mosquitoes
usually black and ovoid
where are haemogogus eggs laid?
laid singly in tree-holes and other natural container-habitats, and occasionally in man-made ones
how is haemogogus larvae distinguished from aedes larvae? there are two
- by the antennae being short and either lacking spicules or with just a very few, and by a ventral brush arising from a sclerotized boss
- the comb teeth are arranged at the edge of a sclerotized plate; this plate is absent in aedes
describe the adults of haemogogus mosquitoes
they are colorful and easily recognized by the presence of broad, flat, and bright metallic blue, red, green, or golden scales that covers the dorsal part of thorax
what is the similarity of haemogogus and sabethes mosquitoes
both have exceptionally large antepronotal thoracic lobes behind the head
what makes haemogogus different from sabethes mosquitoes
haemogogos mosquitoes has no paddles on the legs; this in contras is a conspicuous feature of many, but not all, sabethes spp
what countries are sabethes mosquitoes found
central and south america only
can sabethes spp withstand desiccation
no
what sabethes spp is sometimes involved in the sylvatic cycle of yellow fever
s. chloropterus
two possible yellow fever transmission cycle in africa
jungle (sylvatic) and intermediate (savanna)
medical treatment for yellow fever
no specific anti-viral drug for yellow fever
medical treatment for dengue
pain reliever - acetaminophen
for dengue hemorrhagic fever - fluids
medical treatment for west nile virus
no specific medicines for treatment
medical treatment for japanese encephalitis
no antiviral treatment. treatment is supportive only including stabilization and relief of symptoms
