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Medical Entomology > Chapter 2-3 > Flashcards

Chapter 2-3 Flashcards

from the ppt given by Ms. Kressel in teams

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what is the most common disease carried by Anopheles mosquito?

A

malaria

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2
Q

aside from malaria, anopheles are also known vectors of what disease

A

filariasis

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3
Q

what 3 anopheles spp are vectors of filariasis

A

Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Brugia timori

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4
Q

differentiate the pupal abdominal segments of anopheles and culicines

A

anopheles - pupal abdominal segments has numerous short setae, segments may be 2-7 or 3-7 along with shirt peg-lines
culicines - do not have any of that

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5
Q

define the wings of anopheles

A

they have spotted wings that is dark and pale scales that are arranged in small blocks or areas on the veins

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6
Q

what characteristics of wings helps in identifying the species?

A

the number, length, and arrangement of dark and pale areas on the wings

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7
Q

differentiate the palp of male and female anopheles, and what is their similarity?

A

male - enlarged apically
female - not enlarged
similarity: palp of both is as long as the proboscis

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8
Q

how many eggs do anopheles lay after mating and blood-feeding?

A

50-200

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9
Q

define the characteristic of the egg of the anopheles

A

small brown or blackish boat-shaped eggs

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10
Q

where do anopheles spp lay their eggs?

A

on the water surface

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11
Q

can anopheles eggs withstand desiccation?

A

anopheles eggs cannot withstand desiccation

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12
Q

how long does it take for larval period to lasts in tropical countries?

A

7 days only

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13
Q

how long does it take for larval period to lasts in cooler climates?

A

2-4 weeks

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14
Q

larval period in which climate lasts longer, cooler or tropical?

A

cooler

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15
Q

how do eggs of anopheles breathe in air?

A

they breathe air through their spiracles

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16
Q

do the pupae remain floating in the water surface after being laid (?)

A

yes

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17
Q

what happens when a pupae in the water surface is disturbed?

A

they swim vigorously down to the bottom with characteristic jerky movements

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18
Q

what four parasites does genus anopheles transmit?

A

Plasmodium falciparum
P. vivax
P. malariae
P. ovale

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19
Q

what disease does the 4 parasites transmitted by anopheles causes?

A

human malaria

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20
Q

where do the sexual cycle of the malaria parasite occurs?

A

in the vector

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21
Q

between the mosquito and humans, which is the definitive and intermediate host?

A

the definitive host is the mosquito, whereas the intermediate host is the human

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22
Q

the cyclical development including a sexual cycle that occurs in the stomach of the mosquito is called

A

sporogony

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23
Q

do asexual forms of malaria parasite survive in the mosquitoes stomach?

A

no. only gametocytes survive in mosquitoes stomach; all other blood forms of malaria parasites are destroyed.

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24
Q

define exflagellation

A

it is where the male gametocytes (also referred to as microgametocytes) extrude flagella which is the male gametes (microgametes)

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25
Q

geographical distribution of P. vivax

A

occurs tropical and temperate regions; very common

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26
Q

geographical distribution of p. malariae

A

tropical and temperate region; not very common

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27
Q

geographical distribution of p. falciparum

A

tropical region; very common

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28
Q

geographical distribution of p. ovale

A

west africa and south america

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29
Q

age of erythrocytes preferred by p. vivax

A

young

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30
Q

age of erythrocytes preferred by p. malariae

A

old

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31
Q

age of erythrocytes preferred by p. falciparum

A

all ages

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32
Q

age of erythrocytes preferred by p. ovale

A

unknown

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33
Q

number of parasites per cubic mm. of blood of p. vivax

A

20 - 40,000

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34
Q

number of parasites per cubic mm. of blood of p. malariae

A

5 - 10,000

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35
Q

number of parasites per cubic mm. of blood of p. falciparum

A

50 - 100,000

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36
Q

number of parasites per cubic mm. of blood of p. ovale

A

unknown

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37
Q

define the trophozoite of p. vivax

A

ring like form is large and grows into a highly amoeboid form with prominent vacuoles

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38
Q

define the trophozoite of p. malariae

A

ring like form is large and grows into a slightly amoeboid band like form with inconspicuous vacuoles

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39
Q

define the trophozoite of p. falciparum

A

ring like form is rather small and grows into a compact amoeboid for. there may be 2 or more parasites on one erythrocyte

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40
Q

define the trophozoite of p. ovale

A

ring like form is large and grows into amoeboid form

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41
Q

define schizont of p. vivax

A

large than a normal erythrocyte

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42
Q

define schizont of p. malariae

A

slightly smaller than a normal erythrocyte

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43
Q

define schizont of p. falciparum

A

much smaller than a normal erythrocyte

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44
Q

define schizont of p. ovale

A

smaller than a normal erythrocyte

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45
Q

define the infected erythrocyte of p. vivax

A

it becomes enlarged and frequently distorted

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46
Q

define the infected erythrocyte of p. malariae

A

does not enlarge

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47
Q

define the infected erythrocyte of p. falciparum

A

does not enlarge but may get slightly distorted

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48
Q

define the infected erythrocyte of p. ovale

A

becomes enlarged and oval

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49
Q

describe haematin of p. vivax

A

light brown in fine granules evenly

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50
Q

describe haematin of p. malariae

A

dark brown in coarse granules

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51
Q

describe haematin of p. falciparum

A

dark in one or two solid masses

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52
Q

describe haematin of p. ovale

A

light brown scattered

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53
Q

number of merozoites of p. vivax

A

12-24 (usually 16)

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54
Q

number of merozoites of p. malariae

A

6-12 (usually 8 or 10)

55
Q

number of merozoites of p. falciparim

A

12-24 (usually 6-12)

56
Q

number of merozoites of p. ovale

A

6-12 (usually 8)

57
Q

duration of erythrocytic schizogony of p. vivax

A

48 hours

58
Q

duration of erythrocytic schizogony of p. malariae

A

73 hours

59
Q

duration of erythrocytic schizogony of p. falciparum

A

48 hours but generally irregular

60
Q

duration of erythrocytic schizogony of p. ovale

A

48 hours

61
Q

incubation period of p. vivax

A

10-14 days

62
Q

incubation period of p. malariae

A

28-35 hours

63
Q

incubation period of p. falciparum

A

few day

64
Q

incubation period of p. ovale

A

14 days

65
Q

type of malaria caused by p. vivax

A

benign tertian recurs every third day; mild seldom fatal

66
Q

type of malaria caused by p. malariae

A

quartan recurs every fourth day; often fatal

67
Q

type of malaria caused by p. falciparum

A

quotidian that recur daily or malignant tertian that recurs every third day or irregular; often fatal

68
Q

type of malaria caused by p. ovale

A

benign tertian recurs every third day; mild not fatal

69
Q

describe gametocytes of p. vivax

A

round or oval; larger than a normal erythrocytes

70
Q

describe gametocytes of p. malariae

A

rounded or ovoid; about the size of a normal erythrocytes

71
Q

describe gametocytes of p. falciparum

A

crescentic; somewhat larger than a normal erythrocyte

72
Q

describe gametocytes of p. ovale

A

ovoid; larger than a normal erythrocyte

73
Q

what are the three common antimalarial drugs?

A
  1. Chloroquine phosphate
  2. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs)
  3. Prophylaxis: Atovaquone/Proguanil (Malarone)
74
Q

what is chloroquine phosphate?

A

an antimalarial rug that is the preferred treatment for any parasite that is sensitive to the drug. however, many parts of the world, parasites are resistant to chloroquine making the drug no longer effective

75
Q

what is artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs)

A

it is a combination of two or more drugs that work against the malaria parasite in different ways. this is the preferred treatment for chloroquine resistant malaria

76
Q

example of ACTs medical treatment

A

artemether-lumefantrine (coartem) and artesunate-mefloquine

77
Q

how is Prophylaxis: Atovaquone/Proguanil (Malarone) taken by adults or children?

A

adults - 1 table / day
children - 5-8 kg, 1/2 pediatric tablet daily

78
Q

anopheles spp. transmit what filarial worms to humans? give the 3

A
  1. wuchereria bancroft
  2. brugia malayi
  3. brugia timori
79
Q

in what countries are wuchereria bancrofti common?

A

they are most widespread filarial infections of humans situated in many subtropical and tropical countries in Africa, Asia, South Pacific, and Americas.

80
Q

bancroftian filariasis; is it a rural or urban disease?

A

urban

81
Q

what countries is b. malayi commonly found?

A

occurs in asian countries such as southern india, malaysia, vietnam, indonesia, thailand, papua new guine, and the philippines.

82
Q

in what countries are b. malayi NOT found?

A

africa and americas

83
Q

is b. malayi an urban or rural disease?

A

it is a rural disease that has restricted distribution

84
Q

microfilariae, nocturnally periodic or not?

A

nocturnally periodic

85
Q

microfilariae during the day

A

located in the blood vessels supplying the lungs

86
Q

what is the total cessation of transmission and elimination of the reservoir of infection in people so that at the end of the antimalaria campaign there is no resumption of transmission?

A

malaria eradication

87
Q

this refers to reducing malaria transmission to an acceptable rate that is to a level that no longer constitutes a major public health problem?

A

malaria control

88
Q

what is malaria eradication

A

it is the total cessation of elimination and transmission of the reservoir of infection

89
Q

what is malaria control

A

it means reducing malaria transmission to acceptable rate that no longer cause major public health problem

90
Q

how many genera are in subfamily culicinae

A

38 genera

91
Q

what are the 5 medically important genera of culicinae?

A

culex, aedes, haemogogus, sabethes, and mansonia

92
Q

culex mosquitoes are found more or less worldwide. but they are absent from what parts of the world?

A

they are absent from the extreme northern parts of the temperate zones

93
Q

define the characteristics of culex mosquitoes eggs

A

they are usually brown, and long and cylindrical

94
Q

eggs of culex mosquitoes are laid where?

A

they are laid upright on the water surface, placed together to form an egg raft that can comprise up to about 300 eggs

95
Q

define the characteristic of larval siphon

A

often long and narrow, but it can also be short and fat

96
Q

define the characteristic of adult culex mosquitos

A

they have frequently, not always, thorax, legs, and wing veins covered with dull-colored, often brown, scales

97
Q

define the abdominal characteristic of adult culex mosquito

A

covered with brown or blackish scale, but some whitish scales may occur on most segments

98
Q

describe the tarsi of culex mosquito

A

claws on all tarsi are simple and those on the hind tarsi are very small

99
Q

what culex spp mosquitoes is a vector of bancroftian filariasis?

A

culex quinquefasciatus

100
Q

eggs of culex mosquitoes are laid in?

A

in a great variety of aquatic habitat, breeding in water polluted with organic debris such as rotting vegetation, household refuse, and excreta

101
Q

where are larvae of culex spp found?

A

commonly found in partially blocked drains and ditches, soak away pits and septic tanks, and in village pots?

102
Q

what culex spp is a vector of japanese encephalitis?

A

culex tritaeniorhynchus

103
Q

where do c. tritaeniorhynchus breed?

A

in ricefields and grassy pools.

104
Q

in what country are larvae of c. tritaeniorhynchus uncommon in fishponds?

A

southern asia

105
Q

when do culex species bite humans, or hosts? morning or night time?

A

night time. specifically c. quinquefasciatus

106
Q

geographic distribution of aedes spp

A

they are worldwide distributed; its range extends well into northern and arctic areas

107
Q

aedes spp are pests to ?

A

aedes spp can be vicious biters and serious pests to people and livestock of northern and arctic areas

108
Q

define the characteristic of aedes spp eggs

A

usually black, more or less ovoid in shape, and are always laid singly; can withstand desiccation

109
Q

define eggshell of aedes spp

A

contains a distinctive mosaic pattern

110
Q

where do ae. aegypti breeds

A

it breeds in water-storage pots or jars that are either inside or outside houses

111
Q

where do larvae of ae. aegypti occurs?

A

it occurs mainly in those having clean water intended for drinking

112
Q

an aedes spp that is involved in the sylvatic transmission of yellow fever

A

aedes africanus, an african species

113
Q

where do ae. africanus breeds

A

in tree-holes and bamboo stumps

114
Q

life cycle of aedes mosquitoes, how long?

A

from eggs to adults - can be rapid, taking as little as seven days. but usually, it takes 10-12 days

115
Q
A
116
Q

life cycle of aedes mosquitoes depending on temperature

A

in temperate species - life cycle may last several weeks to many months.
some species overwinter as eggs or larvae

117
Q

when do adults of aedes spp bite?

A

they bite mainly during the day or early evening

118
Q

occurrence of aedes spp biting?

A

occurs outdoors and adults usually rest out of doors before and after feeding

119
Q

where are haemogogus mosquitoes only found?

A

in central and south america

120
Q

define the eggs of haemogogus mosquitoes

A

usually black and ovoid

121
Q

where are haemogogus eggs laid?

A

laid singly in tree-holes and other natural container-habitats, and occasionally in man-made ones

122
Q

how is haemogogus larvae distinguished from aedes larvae? there are two

A
  • by the antennae being short and either lacking spicules or with just a very few, and by a ventral brush arising from a sclerotized boss
  • the comb teeth are arranged at the edge of a sclerotized plate; this plate is absent in aedes
123
Q

describe the adults of haemogogus mosquitoes

A

they are colorful and easily recognized by the presence of broad, flat, and bright metallic blue, red, green, or golden scales that covers the dorsal part of thorax

124
Q

what is the similarity of haemogogus and sabethes mosquitoes

A

both have exceptionally large antepronotal thoracic lobes behind the head

125
Q

what makes haemogogus different from sabethes mosquitoes

A

haemogogos mosquitoes has no paddles on the legs; this in contras is a conspicuous feature of many, but not all, sabethes spp

126
Q

what countries are sabethes mosquitoes found

A

central and south america only

127
Q

can sabethes spp withstand desiccation

A

no

128
Q

what sabethes spp is sometimes involved in the sylvatic cycle of yellow fever

A

s. chloropterus

129
Q

two possible yellow fever transmission cycle in africa

A

jungle (sylvatic) and intermediate (savanna)

130
Q

medical treatment for yellow fever

A

no specific anti-viral drug for yellow fever

131
Q

medical treatment for dengue

A

pain reliever - acetaminophen
for dengue hemorrhagic fever - fluids

132
Q

medical treatment for west nile virus

A

no specific medicines for treatment

133
Q

medical treatment for japanese encephalitis

A

no antiviral treatment. treatment is supportive only including stabilization and relief of symptoms

Medical Entomology (3 decks)

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