Chapter 2/3

Question 1

Developmental Pathways

Answer 1

These are “tracks” that individuals follow that lead to antisocial behavior

Question 1

Risk Factors

Answer 1

Associated/linked to crime

Examples:
- Losing a baby
- Getting pregnant
- Being sexually assaulted
- Having parents who aren’t together

Question 2

Protective Factors

Answer 2

Steer away from crime/Prevent crime

Examples:
- Living with a “good” parent(s)
- Emotionally intelligent/aware
- Resilient

Question 3

Cumulative Risk Model

Answer 3

Exposure to multiple risk factors increases the probability of someone developing antisocial behavior

Question 4

Cumulative Risk Index

Answer 4

Add up risk factors
Example: poverty, parental disclosure

Question 5

Developmental Cascade Model

Answer 5

Emphasizes the interaction of risk factors and their effect on outcomes over course of development rather than simply adding them together (risk and protective factors)

Question 6

Snowballing Effect

Answer 6

Developmental skills and deficits affect the next skill/deficit a long trajectory

Question 7

Risk Factors

Answer 7

1) Poverty
2) Peer rejection
3) Poor preschool experience
4) Poor after school experience
5) Academic failure

Question 8

Murder doesn’t go unreported

Question 9

Play is the work of children (learn to control emotions/physical body)

Question 10

During adolescence, peer influence increases and parental influence decreases

Question 11

One of the strangest predictors by peers of antisocial behavior is early rejection

Question 12

Parental Styles

Answer 12

The emotional climate in the home regarding parent/child relationship

Question 13

Authoritarian (Baumrind)

Answer 13

Strict/try to shape and control children to an absolute standard
- Parent is in charge
- Expects obedience
- Runs a tight ship
- Parents and children are NOT equal

Question 14

Permissive Parenting

Answer 14

Parents are tolerant, accepting, avoid asserting authority
- Allow children to set their own schedules
- Believe the child will learn from their own mistakes

Question 15

Authoritative (BEST)

Answer 15

Parents try to direct child behavior in a relational way
- Open communication/reasoned discussion
- Parents apply firm consistent expectations and rules, but also encourage independence and individuality

Question 16

Neglecting

Answer 16

Parents are detached from child
- Far more distancing than permissive parents (this is child neglect)

Question 17

Enmeshed

Answer 17

Parent sees every little behavior as a problem
- Always yelling, but ineffective in dealing with an issue

Question 18

Lax

Answer 18

Opposite of enmeshed
- Not in tune with problematic behaviors
- Pretend they don’t notice

Question 19

Parental Monitoring

Answer 19

Parents awareness of their child’s friends, activities, and whereabouts
- Especially important in middle school
- Monitoring alone is not optimal, has to be coupled with a good relationship with the child

Question 20

Parental Psychopathology

Answer 20

Maternal Depression

Question 21

Twin Early Development Study (TED)

Answer 21

Looks at:
1) Behavior Problems
2) Language Problems
3) Cognitive Problems
4) Academic Problems

Question 22

Molecular Genetics

Answer 22

Used to identify which genes predispose individuals to antisocial behavior

Question 23

Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA)

Answer 23

Gene that PREVENTS antisocial behavior

Question 24

Psychophysiological

Answer 24

Study of the interaction between behavior and autonomic nervous system

Question 25

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 25

Regulates involuntary functions (heart rate, digestion, breathing, blood pressure)

Question 26

Autonomic Arousal Theory Crime

Answer 26

Individuals exhibit low levels of autonomic arousal (low heart rate, low electrical conductance/can easily pass a lie detector test)