Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrition

A

-Inadequate maternal nutrition may result in premature birth and low birth weight -Mother should increase calorie intake by 10-20%

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2
Q

Spina Bifida

A

-A failure of the neural tube forming part of the spine to close -Affects about 1 in 100 births worldwide -Risk can be significantly reduced by taking folic acid before conception (for up to 3 months) and for first 12 weeks

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3
Q

Anencephaly

A

-Neural tube does not close completely during development but in this case it is the caudal part of the tube (that forms into the brain)

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4
Q

General Risk Factors

A

-Nutrition -Stress -Mother’s age

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5
Q

Stress

A

-Extreme maternal stress is associated with low birth weight and premature births

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6
Q

Prolonged/Extreme Stress

A

-Increases hormones reducing oxygen -Weakens mother’s immunity -Makes mother more likely to smoke or drink alcohol

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7
Q

Mother’s age

A

-Teenage mother -Older women (35 and older) -Older women (40 and older)

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8
Q

Teenage mothers

A

-Often suffer economic and educational disadvantage, poor prenatal care and marital difficulties -Likelier to experience pregnancy, labor and delivery problems -Have children who do less well in school and have behavioral problems

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9
Q

Older mothers (35 and older)

A

-More likely to have difficulty getting pregnant -Miscarriages -Stillbirths

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10
Q

Older mothers (40 and older)

A

-Higher risk of down syndrome

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11
Q

Three Types of Teratogens

A

-Drugs -Diseases -Environmental hazards

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12
Q

Teratogens

A

-Cause abnormal prenatal development

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13
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

-One of the most common forms of mental retardation -Results from drinking 5+ oz. of alcohol a few times each week during pregnancy -Children with FAS may have mental retardation, facial deformities and heart defects

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14
Q

Why is alcohol so dangerous to prenates?

A

-Placenta does not block many harmful compounds -The developing susceptible to damage -Prenates do not have fully developed livers and other organs to assist with detoxification and management -B/c of prenates underdevelopment and small size, small amounts can have a large impact

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15
Q

Teratogens: Diseases

A

-AIDS, cytomegalovirus, genital herpes, rubella, and syphillis Effects Include: -Deafness -Neurological disorders -Blindness -Mental disability -Damage to bones, eyes, eyes or heart

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16
Q

Teratogens: Environmental Hazards

A

-Lead, mercury, PCBs, X-Rays Effects may include -Mental disability -Retarded growth -Cerebral palsy -Impaired memory and verbal skill -Retarded motor development -Leukemia

17
Q

Prenatal Diagnosis

A

-Ultrasound -Amniocentesis -Chronic villus sampling

18
Q

Genetic counseling

A

-Helps asses the chances of inherited disorders

19
Q

Neonatal Withdrawal

A

-If the mother uses addictive drugs while pregnant, the infant may be born with a dependency to the drugs -Use is most dangerous during first 3 months of pregnancy

20
Q

Fetal Medicine

A

-Administering medicine to the fetus -Fetal surgery to correct spina bifida and circulatory problems -Genetic engineering involves replacing defective genes with synthetic normal genes

21
Q
A

Amniocentesis

22
Q
A

Chorionic Villus Sampling

23
Q

Stages of Labor

A
  • Stage 1 (12-24 hours before birth)
  • Stage 2 (<1 hour before birth)
  • Stage 3 (minutes after birth)
24
Q

Stage 1 of Labor

A
  • Contractions become increasingly stronger and more rhythmic
  • Cervix enlarges to about 10 centimeters
25
Q

Stage 2 of Labor

A
  • Baby passes through cervix, entering vagina
  • Baby’s head appears (crowning); birth occurs
26
Q

Stage 3 of Labor

A
  • Placenta is expelled
27
Q

Birthing alternatives

A
  • Home births
  • Birthing centers
28
Q

Home Births facts

A
  • More common outside of U.S.
  • Less expensive
  • Parents have more control over conditions
  • Birth problems are the same in hospital as at home
29
Q

Birthing Center Facts

A
  • More home-like than hospitals but in a clinic setting independent of a hospital
30
Q

Birth Complications

A
  • Hypoxia
  • May result in C-Section
  • Premature
  • Low birth weight
  • Very low birth weight
  • Extremely low birth weight
31
Q

Hypoxia

A
  • Inadequate blood and oxygen provided to the baby
32
Q

Premature or preterm birth

A
  • Baby born before the 36th week
33
Q

Low birth weight

A
  • Baby weighs less than 5.5 pounds
34
Q

Very Low Birth Weight

A
  • Babies weight is lower than 3.3 pounds
35
Q

Extremely low birth weight

A
  • Baby weigh less than 2.2 pounds
36
Q

Mother’s adjustment 1-2 weeks after birth

A
  • 50% of mothers experience irritation, resentment, and crying, reflecting stress and physiological changes
37
Q

Mother’s adjustment months after birth

A
  • 10-15% experience postpartum depression, which can affect baby
    • Low self-worth, irritability, disturbed sleep, poor appetite, apathy
    • Risk factors: high hormones late in pregnancy, pre-pregnancy depression, high stress, lack of support
    • Breast feeding reduces risks
38
Q

Infant Mortality

A
  • The number of infants out of 1,000 that die before the age of 1
  • U.S. has under a 1% rate of infant mortality, or 7 0\out of 1,000
39
Q

Possible factors of infant mortality

A
  • Low birth weight from a lack of free or inexpensive prenatal care
  • Fewer paid leaves of absence for pregnant women