Chapter 2 Flashcards
Neural Impulses
Electrical
How does a nerve impulse work?
A) Within
B) Outside
A) electrical
B) chemical
Acetylcholine
Antagonist and Agonist?
only neurotransmitter passed between motor neurons and voluntary muscles, plays a role in muscle learning/memory, antagonist: anesthesia, agonist: nicotine
Dopamine
involved in movement, learning, and emotion.
Schizophrenia: too much dopamine
Parkinsons: not enough dopamine
GABA - gamma aminobutyric acid
inhibitory effect on anxiety
when you get super anxious GABA calms you down
people with anxiety disorders don’t have enough GABA
Norepinephrine
derived from adrenaline
involved in eating, sleep, arousal, and emotion
when serotonin and norepinephrine is what is found in people who have a major depressive disorder
Endorphins
reduces pain, gives you feelings of pressure, released when exercise, released when laugh
Agonist: morphine
when your body gets a drug that is getting endorphins from the drug your body goes through withdrawal and stops to naturally create the chemical
Nitric Oxide
deadly to pathogens
responsible for the formation of memories and penis erections
Sensory neurons
carry messages from the bodys sensory receptors TO the brain and spinal cord
Motor Neurons
carry instructions from the CNS TO the muscles
Interneurons
within brain and spinal cord
sympathetic division
(when you’re scared, increases heart rate, increases adrenaline, you get sweaty)
parasympathetic division
(calms everything down, slows down heart rate, decreases rate of breathing)
CAT scan
computerized axial tomography
x-rays of your brain from many different angles and from the computer putting together a vivid picture of the brain
MRI scan
magnetic resonance imaging
using magnetic fields to shoot pictures of the brain
PET scan
positron emission tomography
a picture of brain activity
shoot in some sugar so you see where in the brain is working
fMRI
functional magnetic resonance imaging
structure and activity
multiple MRIs taken a fraction of a second apart from each other to see the activity in the brain overtime
Hindbrain
cerebellum
motor memory
medulla
pons
Midbrain
reticular formation
a kind of net running over midbrain
alerts forebrain when info relevant to survival needs to be processed
Forebrain
Lymbic System
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebrum
Limbic system
amygdala: responsible for feelings of aggression, and fear
hippocampus: formation of new memories and keep them as long term
what was messed up in 50 first dates
Thalamus
handles incoming and outgoing sensory info
Hypothalamus
regulates basic needs such as hunger, thirst, body temp, sexual behavior
Cerebrum
two hemispheres
right and left connected by corpus callosum
Occipital
visual signals sent and processed, lower back of skull
Temporal
connected to auditory signals and hearing (ears)
used to recognize faces
Parietal
sense of touch
monitors your body’s position in space
if your eyes were closed, and you were upside down you would know that because of this parietal lobe
math and spatial reasoning
Frontal
judgement
processing new memories
precise movements like moving your fingers
Right Hemisphere
controls left side of body recognizes faces expressing emotion music copying drawings directions in terms of spacial directions
Left Hemisphere
controls right side of body language logic memory planning
Corpus Callosum
Band of tissue that connects the right and left hemisphere
What are the Midbrain and Hindbrain responsible for?
functions like breathing and heart stuff
Can severe brain and spinal cord neurons regenerate?
No, if they are lost they are lost forever
The brain also shows plasticity
ability to change by re-organizing and building new pathways based on experience
the brain can adapt by assigning other areas of the brain to take over for the damaged areas
Endocrine System
sends out messages via hormone
