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Biology Form 4 > Chapter 2 (2.3) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 (2.3) Flashcards

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1
Q

Muscle cell structure (1) and function (1)

A
  • arranged as multinuclear striated fibres

- contract and relax to generate movement

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2
Q

Nerve cell structure (1) and function (1)

A
  • long & thin in shape

- Send nerve impulses

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3
Q

White blood cell structure (1) and function (1)

A
  • can change shape

- destroying pathogens

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4
Q

Epithelial cell structure (1) and function (1)

A
  • thin & flat cells

- coats the surface of organs such as the digestive tract

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5
Q

Red blood cell structure (2) and function (1)

A
  • does not contain nucleus
  • biconcave disc shape
  • optimise transportation of oxygen
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6
Q

Sperm cell structure (1) and function (1)

A
  • long tail to enable it to swim towards ovum in the Fallopian tube
  • head carries a set of chromosomes from the male
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7
Q

Sieve tube element structure (1) and function (1)

A
  • long, cylindrical tubes arranged from end to end

- transports organic materials from leaves to storage organs (fruits)

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8
Q

Xylem vessel structure (1) and function (1)

A
  • long, continuous hollow tube

- transport water & mineral salts from roots to other parts of the plant

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9
Q

Palisade mesophyll cell structure (2) and function (1)

A
  • long cylindrical cells, arranged vertically & close to each other
  • contains high chlorophyll density
  • this arrangement allows max absorption of sunlight for photosynthesis
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10
Q

Spongy mesophyll cell structure (1) and function (1)

A
  • loosely arranged with lots of air space in between

- larger air space allows exchange of gas from inside of leaf to the palisade mesophyll cell

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11
Q

Guard cell structure (1) and function (1)

A
  • modified lower epidermis cells with thicker cell wall on the inner side
  • controls opening & closing of stoma (opening that allows exchange of O2 and CO2)
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12
Q

Root hair cell structure (1) and function (1)

A
  • long projection which adds surface are for:

- water and mineral salts absorption

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13
Q

Location (2) & function of epithelial tissue (on skin and in trachea)

A
  • covers the outer surface (skin)
  • covers hollow surfaces (digestive tract & respiratory tract)
  • epithelial tissue on skin: protects against infections, injuries, chemicals and dehyrdration
  • epithelial tissue that coat trachea have projections like hair- cilia
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14
Q

Types of epithelial tissue (5)

A
  • covers the surface of mouth & oesophagus
  • covers the surface of lungs, body cavities & blood vessels
  • covers the surface of trachea and bronchus
  • lines tubules, glands and kidney ducts
  • covers the small intestine
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15
Q

Types of muscle tissue (3)

A
  • smooth muscle
  • skeletal muscle
  • cardiac muscle
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16
Q

Smooth muscle locations (4) & functions (1)

A
  • digestive tract
  • blood vessel
  • urinary tract
  • reproductive tract
  • contraction & relaxation enable involuntary activities (peristalsis)
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17
Q

Skeletal muscle locations (2) & function (2)

A
  • legs
  • hands
  • involved in controlled movement
  • contracts and relaxes to generate movement in bones & limbs
18
Q

Cardiac muscle location (1) & function (1)

A
  • heart wall
  • builds walls of the heart that contract to pump blood to the whole body

[cardiac muscle contraction is involuntary]

19
Q

Nerve tissue structure (2) & functions (2)

A
  • made of neuron/nerve cells
  • each neuron consists of cell body (dendrite) & nerve body (axon)
  • detects stimuli and send info in the form of electrical signals to muscles/glands
  • regulates & controls body activity
20
Q

Types of connective tissues (6)

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • fibrous connective tissue
  • blood tissue
  • bone
  • adipose tissue
  • cartilage
21
Q

Functions of loose connective tissues (2)

A
  • links epithelial tissue to the tissue below it

- fixes the organs in their positions

22
Q

Functions of fibrous connective tissues (3)

A
  • forms tendons and ligaments
  • tendon connects bones & muscles
  • ligaments connects bones to bones
23
Q

Functions of blood tissue (3)

A
  • regulation
  • transportation
  • protection
24
Q

Functions of bones (2)

A
  • forms body frame

- protects the internal organs

25
Q

Functions of adipose tissue (1)

A
  • keep fat under the skin dermis & surface of all main organs
26
Q

Functions of cartilage (1)

A
  • encloses bones tips to prevent the bone from wearing out
27
Q

Tissue organisation in plants
Plant tissue: - meristem tissue (2)
- permanent tissue (3)

A

Meristem tissue: - apical meristem tissue
- lateral meristem tissue
Permanent tissue: - dermal tissue
- ground tissue (3)
- vascular tissue (2)

28
Q

Types of ground tissues (3)

A
  • Parenchyma tissue
  • Collenchyma tissue
  • Sclerenchyma tissue
29
Q

Parenchyma tissue functions (2)

A
  • store starch, protein & water

- carry out photosynthesis

30
Q

Collenchyma tissue function (1)

A
  • gives support to young, non-woody stems (herbaceous plants)
31
Q

Sclerenchyma tissue function (1)

A
  • provide support & mechanical strength to all mature parts of the plant
32
Q

Types of vascular tissue (2)

A
  • Xylem tissue

- Phloem tissue

33
Q

Xylem tissue functions (2)

A
  • transports water & mineral salts from roots to other parts of plants
  • ligneous xylem tissue wall provides support & mechanical strength to plants
34
Q

Xylem tissue functions (2)

A
  • transports water & mineral salts from roots to other parts of plants
  • ligneous xylem tissue wall provides support & mechanical strength to plants
35
Q

Xylem tissue functions (2)

A
  • transports water & mineral salts from roots to other parts of plants
  • ligneous xylem tissue wall provides support & mechanical strength to plants
36
Q

Phloem tissue function (1)

A
  • transports organic matters such as sucrose from leaves to all part of plants
37
Q

Where can mitochondrion be found in abundance and why? (3)

A
  • sperm cell (requires a lot of energy to swim towards the uterus & fallopian tube to fertilise the secondary oocytes)
  • muscle cells such as flight muscle cells in birds & insects (requires a lot of energy to contract & relax to enable movement and flight)
  • plant meristem cell (requires a lot of energy to carry out active cell division process to produce new cells)
38
Q

Where can chloroplast be found in abundance (2) and why?

A

-palisade mesophyll cell & spongy mesophyll cell ( absorbs more sunlight for photosynthesis)

39
Q

Where can rough ER be found in abundance and why? (2)

A
  • pancreatic cell (increases synthesis & secretion of digestive enzymes)
  • goblet cell in intestinal epithelium & respiratory tract (produce mucus)
40
Q

Where can smooth ER be found in abundance (1) and why (2)?

A
  • Liver cell : - metabolises carbohydrates

- detoxification of drugs & poisons

Biology Form 4 (13 decks)

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