Chapter 2 (2.3) Flashcards
Muscle cell structure (1) and function (1)
- arranged as multinuclear striated fibres
- contract and relax to generate movement
Nerve cell structure (1) and function (1)
- long & thin in shape
- Send nerve impulses
White blood cell structure (1) and function (1)
- can change shape
- destroying pathogens
Epithelial cell structure (1) and function (1)
- thin & flat cells
- coats the surface of organs such as the digestive tract
Red blood cell structure (2) and function (1)
- does not contain nucleus
- biconcave disc shape
- optimise transportation of oxygen
Sperm cell structure (1) and function (1)
- long tail to enable it to swim towards ovum in the Fallopian tube
- head carries a set of chromosomes from the male
Sieve tube element structure (1) and function (1)
- long, cylindrical tubes arranged from end to end
- transports organic materials from leaves to storage organs (fruits)
Xylem vessel structure (1) and function (1)
- long, continuous hollow tube
- transport water & mineral salts from roots to other parts of the plant
Palisade mesophyll cell structure (2) and function (1)
- long cylindrical cells, arranged vertically & close to each other
- contains high chlorophyll density
- this arrangement allows max absorption of sunlight for photosynthesis
Spongy mesophyll cell structure (1) and function (1)
- loosely arranged with lots of air space in between
- larger air space allows exchange of gas from inside of leaf to the palisade mesophyll cell
Guard cell structure (1) and function (1)
- modified lower epidermis cells with thicker cell wall on the inner side
- controls opening & closing of stoma (opening that allows exchange of O2 and CO2)
Root hair cell structure (1) and function (1)
- long projection which adds surface are for:
- water and mineral salts absorption
Location (2) & function of epithelial tissue (on skin and in trachea)
- covers the outer surface (skin)
- covers hollow surfaces (digestive tract & respiratory tract)
- epithelial tissue on skin: protects against infections, injuries, chemicals and dehyrdration
- epithelial tissue that coat trachea have projections like hair- cilia
Types of epithelial tissue (5)
- covers the surface of mouth & oesophagus
- covers the surface of lungs, body cavities & blood vessels
- covers the surface of trachea and bronchus
- lines tubules, glands and kidney ducts
- covers the small intestine
Types of muscle tissue (3)
- smooth muscle
- skeletal muscle
- cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle locations (4) & functions (1)
- digestive tract
- blood vessel
- urinary tract
- reproductive tract
- contraction & relaxation enable involuntary activities (peristalsis)
Skeletal muscle locations (2) & function (2)
- legs
- hands
- involved in controlled movement
- contracts and relaxes to generate movement in bones & limbs
Cardiac muscle location (1) & function (1)
- heart wall
- builds walls of the heart that contract to pump blood to the whole body
[cardiac muscle contraction is involuntary]
Nerve tissue structure (2) & functions (2)
- made of neuron/nerve cells
- each neuron consists of cell body (dendrite) & nerve body (axon)
- detects stimuli and send info in the form of electrical signals to muscles/glands
- regulates & controls body activity
Types of connective tissues (6)
- loose connective tissue
- fibrous connective tissue
- blood tissue
- bone
- adipose tissue
- cartilage
Functions of loose connective tissues (2)
- links epithelial tissue to the tissue below it
- fixes the organs in their positions
Functions of fibrous connective tissues (3)
- forms tendons and ligaments
- tendon connects bones & muscles
- ligaments connects bones to bones
Functions of blood tissue (3)
- regulation
- transportation
- protection
Functions of bones (2)
- forms body frame
- protects the internal organs
Functions of adipose tissue (1)
- keep fat under the skin dermis & surface of all main organs
Functions of cartilage (1)
- encloses bones tips to prevent the bone from wearing out
Tissue organisation in plants
Plant tissue: - meristem tissue (2)
- permanent tissue (3)
Meristem tissue: - apical meristem tissue
- lateral meristem tissue
Permanent tissue: - dermal tissue
- ground tissue (3)
- vascular tissue (2)
Types of ground tissues (3)
- Parenchyma tissue
- Collenchyma tissue
- Sclerenchyma tissue
Parenchyma tissue functions (2)
- store starch, protein & water
- carry out photosynthesis
Collenchyma tissue function (1)
- gives support to young, non-woody stems (herbaceous plants)
Sclerenchyma tissue function (1)
- provide support & mechanical strength to all mature parts of the plant
Types of vascular tissue (2)
- Xylem tissue
- Phloem tissue
Xylem tissue functions (2)
- transports water & mineral salts from roots to other parts of plants
- ligneous xylem tissue wall provides support & mechanical strength to plants
Xylem tissue functions (2)
- transports water & mineral salts from roots to other parts of plants
- ligneous xylem tissue wall provides support & mechanical strength to plants
Xylem tissue functions (2)
- transports water & mineral salts from roots to other parts of plants
- ligneous xylem tissue wall provides support & mechanical strength to plants
Phloem tissue function (1)
- transports organic matters such as sucrose from leaves to all part of plants
Where can mitochondrion be found in abundance and why? (3)
- sperm cell (requires a lot of energy to swim towards the uterus & fallopian tube to fertilise the secondary oocytes)
- muscle cells such as flight muscle cells in birds & insects (requires a lot of energy to contract & relax to enable movement and flight)
- plant meristem cell (requires a lot of energy to carry out active cell division process to produce new cells)
Where can chloroplast be found in abundance (2) and why?
-palisade mesophyll cell & spongy mesophyll cell ( absorbs more sunlight for photosynthesis)
Where can rough ER be found in abundance and why? (2)
- pancreatic cell (increases synthesis & secretion of digestive enzymes)
- goblet cell in intestinal epithelium & respiratory tract (produce mucus)
Where can smooth ER be found in abundance (1) and why (2)?
- Liver cell : - metabolises carbohydrates
- detoxification of drugs & poisons
