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Biology Form 4 > Chapter 2 (2.1) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 (2.1) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the structure of a mitochondrion (3)?

A
  • rod shape/spherical
  • 2 layers of membrane: smooth outer membrane, folded inner membrane
  • contains respiratory enzymes
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2
Q

What are the functions of mitochondria (2)?

A
  • site that generates energy through glucose oxidation

- energy in the form of ATP molecules

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3
Q

What are the structures of the centriole? (3)

A
  • small, cylindrical, exists in pair
  • made up of complex arrangement of microtubules
  • does not exist in plant cells
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4
Q

What is the function of the centriole? (1)

A
  • forms spindle fibre during cell division in animal cells
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5
Q

What are the structures of golgi apparatus? (2)

A
  • stack of parallel flattened sacs coated by a single cell membrane
  • new membrane added at one end and vesicles bud off from the other end
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6
Q

What are the functions of golgi apparatus? (Pn Rozanah’s 4 keywords)

A
  • processing, modifying, packing and transporting chemicals (protein, carbohydrates & glycoprotein)
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7
Q

What is the structure of plasma membrane? (4)

A
  • outer membrane that surrounds the entire cell
  • made up of proteins and phospholipids
  • thin and elastic film
  • partially permeable
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8
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane? (3)

A
  • separates content of cell from the external environment
  • controls movement of substances in and out of the cell
  • allows exchange of nutrients, respiratory gases and waste materials
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9
Q

What are the structures of the lysosome? (2)

A
  • small, spherical sac enclosed in a single membrane

- contains hydrolytic enzymes

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10
Q

What are the functions of lysosome? (2)

A
  • hydrolyses complex organic molecules (protein, lipid, nucleic acid)
  • breaks down bacteria and components of damaged cells
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11
Q

What are the structures of the nucleus? (3)

A
  • largest component in the cell
  • spherical, compressed & enclosed in a nuclear membrane with many pores
  • contains chromosomes, nucleolus and nucleoplasm
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12
Q

What are the functions of the nucleus (2)

A
  • controls all cell activities

- has chromosomes that contain DNA which determines the cell characteristics and metabolic function

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13
Q

What are the structures of the ribosome? (3)

A
  • small, compact & spherical granules
  • consists of protein and RNA
  • present on the surface of the rough ER / exists freely in the cytoplasm
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14
Q

What are the functions of ribosome? (1)

A
  • site of protein synthesis
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15
Q

What are the structures of endoplasmic reticulum? (3)

A
  • consists of a system of interconnected folded flattened sacs
  • ER membrane is continuous with the nuclear membrane
  • 2 types: - rough ER (has ribosomes attached to it)
    - smooth ER (does not have ribosomes)
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16
Q

What are the functions of ER? (2)

A
  • transport system within the cell

- provides wide surface for enzyme attachment & biochemical reactions

17
Q

What are the functions of rough ER? (1)

A
  • transports proteins synthesised by ribosomes
18
Q

What are the functions of smooth ER? (2)

A
  • synthesises and transports glycerol & lipids, carries out the detoxification of drugs & metabolic by-products
19
Q

What are the structures of the vacuole? (5)

A
  • liquid-filled sac (cell sap)
  • surrounded by the tonoplast membrane
  • young plants cells have many small vacuoles, mature plant cells have a large vacuole
  • vacuole in animal cells is small
  • cell sap contains water, organic acids, sugars, amino acids, mineral salts, oxygen, carbon dioxide & metabolic by-products
20
Q

What are the functions of the vacuole? (2)

A
  • water absorbed into the vacuole of plant cells & the cells become turgid
  • unicellular organisms: vacuole contracts during osmoregulation, osmosis and excretion
21
Q

What are the structures of the chloroplast? (3)

A
  • oval shaped
  • consists 2 layers of membrane
  • contains chlorophyll pigments in the grana
22
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast? (1)

A
  • absorbs sunlight and converts it to chemical energy during photosynthesis
23
Q

What are the structures of the cytoplasm? (2)

A
  • jelly-like medium that contains components of the suspended cells
  • contains organic compounds (protein, lipid, carbohydrate) & inorganic compunds (K+ ions)
24
Q

What are the functions of the cytoplasm? (1)

A
  • acts as a medium for biochemical reactions in cells
25
Q

What are the structures of the cell wall? (3)

A
  • strong & rigid outer layer
  • made from cellulose fibre
  • fully permeable
26
Q

What are the functions of the cell wall? (2)

A
  • maintains the shape of plant cells

- provides mechanical support to plant cells

Biology Form 4 (13 decks)

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