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Biological Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What system controls everything you do?

A

Nervous

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2
Q

What organ is important for balance, coordination, and sports?

A

Cerebellum

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3
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Cells which receive information from and transmit information to other cells

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4
Q

Glia cells are responsible for?

A

exchange chemicals with adjacent neurons

do not transfer information over long distances

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5
Q

What did Santiago Ramon Cajal do?

A

discovered the synapse. stated that cells do not grow into each other they remain separate.

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6
Q

What separates the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell?

A

Plasma Membrane

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7
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

structure that contains the chromosomes. The brain of the cell

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8
Q

What is known as the powerhouse of the cell, performs metabolic activities?

A

Mitochondrion

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9
Q

Ribosomes are part of the cell that?

A

synthesize new proteins

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10
Q

What part of the cell transports newly synthesized proteins to their locations

A

(ER) Endoplasmic Reticulum

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11
Q

What receives excitation from other neurons and conducts impulses to muscle or gland cells?

A

Motor neuron

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12
Q

What does the sensory neuron do?

A

Specialized to detect a particular type of stimulation highly sensitive. e.g. light,taste, touch

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13
Q

The tree-like branches of a neuron that receive information from other neurons are called
(increase Surface Area)

A

Dendrites

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14
Q

The information sender of the neuron, conveying an impulse toward either other neurons or a gland or muscle is called the

A

Axon

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15
Q

What is the cell body known for?

A

Contains the nucleus,ribosome,mitochondria. and some of the metabolic work is down here.

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16
Q

the insulating material which covers many vertebrate axons is called the

A

Myelin Sheath

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17
Q

one of the most distinctive features of neurons compared to the other types of cells is their

A

Shape

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18
Q

Define Node of Ranvier

A

Short unmyelinated section of axon between segements of myelin

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19
Q

what is the point from which an axon releases chemicals into the synapse?

A

presynaptic terminal

20
Q

Afferent means?

A

A=admit. brings information into the structure

21
Q

Efferent means?

A

E= exit. sends information away from the structure

22
Q

axons and dendrites are all contained within one structure to form

A

interneuron

23
Q

What does the astrocyte do?

A

enable the axon to send messages in waves, helps to synchronize activity

24
Q

What removes waste material, viruses, fungi?

acts like an immune system

A

Microglia

25
Q

What type of glial cells myelinate axons in the brain and spinal cord?

A

Oligodendrocytes

26
Q

Which type of glia builds myelin sheaths around axons in the periphery of the body?

A

Schwann cells

27
Q

What does the radial glia do?

A

guide the migration of neurons during embryonic development

28
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the blood brain barrier? (surrounds the brain)

A

Advantage- keeps out most viruses, bacteria, and harmful chemicals
disadvantages- keeps out most nutrients and medications but blocks chemo

29
Q

What can cross through the endothelial cells?

A

Carbon dioxide, oxygen, water

30
Q

How does glucose enter the brain?

Process that expends energy to pump chemicals from the blood?

A

active transport

31
Q

What is korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

Thiamine deficiency leads to death of neurons a result of chronic alcoholism marked by severe memory loss

32
Q

How are nerve impulses transmitted?

A

the impulse is regenerated at points along the axon so it does no weaken.

33
Q

when you state that the neurons membrane is polarized, you are referring to a difference in electrical potential between

A

the insides and the outside of the membrane

34
Q

what is the approximate resting potential of the inside of a nerurons membrane, relative to the outside

A
  • 70 millivolts
35
Q

When a neuron’s membrane is at rest, which of the following molecules crosses through it MOST slowly?

A

sodium

36
Q

Whn a neurons membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to move sodium ???? the cell and the electrical gradient tends to move it ??? the cell

A

into,into

37
Q

when a neurons membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to move potassium ???? the cell and the electrical gradient tends to move it ??? the cell

A

out of, into

38
Q

When the neuron is at rest, what is responsible for moving potassium ions OUT of the cell?

A

the concentration gradient

39
Q

When the neuron is at rest, what is responsible for moving sodium ions out of the cell?

A

sodium potassium pump

40
Q

What is the result if a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential to a more negative potential?

A

hyperpolarization

41
Q

what is the result if a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential to a potential slightly closer to zero?

A

depolarization

42
Q

What is the all or none law?

A

The amplitude and velocity of an action potential are independent of the intensity of the stimulus that initiated

43
Q

Where do most action potentials begin?

A

at the axon hillock

44
Q

what is to prevent an action potential from exciting the area behind it and starting a rebound action potential traveling the opposite direction?

A

the refractory period

45
Q

What disease is related to the destruction of myelin sheaths?

A

multiple sclerosis

46
Q

under what conditions is it impossible for a stimulus to produce an action potential

A

if the membrane is in its absolute refractory period

Biological Psychology (6 decks)

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