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CHN 02 > CHAPTER 2:2 - 3 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2:2 - 3 Flashcards

1
Q

the occurrence and distribution of health such as disease, death, deformities or disabilities on human population.

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

 Concerned with the study of probable factors that influence the development of these health conditions.
 Used to analyze the different factors that contribute to disease development.

A

Epidemiology

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3
Q

inanimate or living organism that cause disease, they may be biologic, chemical, physical, mechanical or nutritive; its characteristics can be described in terms of virulence, toxicity, intensity, impact or deficiency/excess.

A

Agent

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3
Q

any organism that harbors and provides nourishment for another organism.

A

Host

Host characteristics can be described in terms of their susceptibility or resistance against effects of a particular agent and may be influenced by the demographic and biologic factors along w/ personal habits.

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3
Q

What is “immunologic experience” called

A

Specific resistance

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3
Q

results from intact skin and mucous membrane, good hygiene, reflexes like coughing.

A

Non-specific resistance

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3
Q

represents the immunity and susceptibility levels of individuals comprising the population.

A

Herd immunity

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3
Q

Ratio as to how many midwives are needed within a community

A

1:5,000

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3
Q

the sum total of all external conditions and influences that affects life and development of an individual organism.

A

Environment

 Refers to the physical, biologic and sociological environments.

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4
Q

Ratio as to how many nurses are needed within a community

A

1:20,000

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4
Q

3 models that explain the Multiple Causation Theory or the Ecologic Concept of Disease

A

a. Wheel
b. Web
c. Ecological Triad

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4
Q

Multiple Causation Theory or the Ecologic Concept of Disease

  • gives emphasis on the role of the genetic make-up of the host(inner core).
  • the middle core represents the host’s characteristics like sex, age and behaviors.
  • the outer core represents the biologic, physical and social environment.
A

Wheel Model

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4
Q

Multiple Causation Theory or the Ecologic Concept of Disease

developed to further the understanding of the dynamic interrelations among various personal and environmental factors.

A

Ecological Triad

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4
Q

Web Model:

Web of Causation:

A
  1. phenotype
  2. behaviour
  3. environment
  4. workplace
  5. unknown factors
  6. genes
  7. microbes
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4
Q

Multiple Causation Theory or the Ecologic Concept of Disease

Depicts the intricate interrelationships of the various socio-demographic characteristics and behaviors of the host as well as the numerous environmental factors.

A

Web Model

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4
Q

The Epidemiologic Triangle consists of three component:

A
  • Host
  • Agent
  • Environment
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4
Q

Three components of the environment:

A
  1. Physical environment
  2. Biological environment
  3. Socio-economic environment
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4
Q

component of the environment:

composed of the inanimate surrounding such as the geophysical condition of the climate.

A

Physical environment

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5
Q

component of the environment:

makes up the living things around us such as plants and animal life.

A

Biological environment

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5
Q

component of the environment:

may be in the form of level of economic development of the community, presence of social disruptions and the like.

A

Socio-economic environment

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6
Q

The model implies that each must be analyzed and understood for comprehensions and prediction of patterns of a disease.

A

The Epidemiologic Triangle

A change in any of the component will alter an existing equilibrium to increase or decrease the frequency of the disease.

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6
Q

Stages in the Natural Life History of Disease:

A
  • Pre-pathogenesis or susceptibility
  • Pathogenesis
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7
Q

Stage in the Natural Life History of Disease:

disease has not developed but factors that favor its occurrence are present

A

Pre-pathogenesis or susceptibility

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7
Q

Three substages of Pathogenesis:

A
  • Pre-symptomatic disease or early pathogenesis
  • Discernible lesion
  • Advance disease
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7
Q

Stage in the Natural Life History of Disease:

disease has developed

A

Pathogenesis

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8
Q

substage of Pathogenesis:

individual has no symptoms that indicate presence of illness but in fact, pathogenic changes has begun.

A

Pre-symptomatic disease or early pathogenesis

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9
Q

substage of Pathogenesis:

changes may be detectable through sophisticated laboratory tests; early signs and symptoms of disease are developing.

A

Discernible lesion

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10
Q

substage of Pathogenesis:

anatomical or functional changes have produced recognizable signs and symptoms.

A

Advance disease

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11
Q

Levels of Disease Prevention

A
  • Primary Prevention
  • Secondary Prevention
  • Tertiary Prevention
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11
Q

Level of Disease Prevention:

includes efforts to control the underlying cause or condition that results in disability.

A

Primary Prevention

11
Q

Level of Disease Prevention:

aims at preventing and existing illness or injury from progressing to long-term disability.

A

Secondary Prevention

12
Q

Level of Disease Prevention:

refers to rehabilitation and special education service to mitigate disability and improve functional and participatory or social outcomes once disability has occurred.

A

Tertiary Prevention

12
Q

What stage in the Natural Life History of Disease:
* Interrelations of various host agent and environment factors bring host and agent together
* Disease provoking stimulus is produced in the known host

A

Pre-pathogenesis

Specific Intervention: Health promotion Specific Protection

Primary prevention aims to prevent development of disease

13
Q

Substage of Pathogenesis:

  • Interaction of host and stimulus
  • Stimulus or agent becomes established
  • Beginning tissue and physiological changes
A

Early pathogenesis

Specific Intervention: Early diagnosis and prompt treatment

Secondary Prevention aims to:
* Promptly diagnose and treat disease
* Prevent spread of disease to healthy population
* Prevent complications and sequel
* Shorten period of disability

13
Q

Substage of Pathogenesis:

  • Clinical recognition of disease is possible through laboratory or other test that detect early physiological changes
  • Patient develops early symptoms
A

Discernible Lesion

Specific Intervention: Disability limitation

Tertiary Prevention
* Arrest disease process to prevent further complications and sequelae

14
Q

Substage of Pathogenesis:

  • Disability
  • Defect
  • Chronic state
  • death
A

Advanced Disease

Specific Intervention: Rehabilitation

  • Limit disability
  • Prevent Death
15
Q

Cause of a Disease:

refers to the fact that the factor must be present for the disease to occur

A

Necessary cause

15
Q

any event, condition, characteristics or a combination of these factors that play important role in producing the disease

A

Cause of a Disease

15
Q

Cause of a Disease

indicates that if a factor is present, the disease can occur, but the factor’s presence does not always result in the disease’s occurrence.

A

Sufficient cause

16
Q

It states that if there is a concurrence of two variables more often than would be expected by chance, then the two variables are said to be associated.

A

Association

 Does not necessarily imply a causal relationship

16
Q

probability of an unfavorable event such as disease, disability, defect or even death

A

Risk

17
Q

Factors associated with increased risk of a disease:

A
  • Predisposing
  • Enabling
  • Reinforcing
17
Q

Factor associated with increased risk of a disease:

any characteristics of an individual, a community or an environment that predisposes behavior or other conditions related to health; includes knowledge, belief and attitude but may include factors such as socio-economic status.

A

Predisposing

17
Q

Factor associated with increased risk of a disease:

any characteristic of an individual, group or the environment that facilitates or make possible a certain health behavior or other conditions affecting health; includes any skill or resource required to attain that condition.

A

Enabling

17
Q

Types of association:

A
  • Spurious or artifactual association
  • Indirect
  • Direct or causal
17
Q

Factor associated with increased risk of a disease:

any reward or punishment or any feedback following or anticipated as a consequence of health behavior.

A

Reinforcing

18
Q

Type of association:

association when none actually exists.

A

Spurious or artifactual association

18
Q

Type of association:

presence of a known or unknown factor common to both a characteristic and a disease may wholly or partly explain a statistical association

A

Indirect

18
Q

Type of association:

presence of a factor w/c wholly and directly explain the cause of disease, no intervening variables.

A

Direct or causal

18
Q

Direct or causal:

suggests that when one factor is present, disease results; conversely, when the disease is present, the factor must also be present.

A

One to one causal

18
Q

Direct or causal:

several factors acting independently or synergistically can produce a disease

A

Multifactorial causation

18
Q

Types of Epidemiological Approach:

A
  • Descriptive Epidemiology
  • Analytical Epidemiology
  • Interventional or experimental Epidemiology
  • Evaluation Epidemiology
19
Q

Types of Epidemiological Approach:

Concerned with describing the frequency and distribution of disease in a given population.

The nurse characterizes the disease episode by describing the characteristics of the person affected with the disease and pattern of disease onset in terms of time and place.

A

Descriptive Epidemiology

20
Q

It is done to look for previously unidentified cases of diseases.

A

Case finding

20
Q

It is the presumptive identification of unrecognized diseases or defects through the application of diagnostic tests or laboratory examinations and clinical assessment that can be applied rapidly and inexpensively.

A

Screening

Primary Goal: To detect a disease in its early stages.

21
Q

It is the proportion of persons with a disease who test positive on a screening test. It measures the probability of the test correctly identifying a positive case of a disease (true-positive).

A

Sensitivity

22
Q

It is the proportion of persons without a disease who have negative results on a screening test. It measures the probability of correctly identifying non-cases (true-negative).

A

Specificity

22
Q

Pattern of Occurrence and Distribution:

is the intermittent occurrence of a few isolated and unrelated cases in a given locality.

A

Sporadic

22
Q

state of resistance of a population group to a particular disease at a given time.

A

Herd immunity

22
Q

Pattern of Occurrence and Distribution:

the continuous occurrence throughout a period of time

A

Endemic

  • Schistosomiasis is endemic in leyte and Samar.
  • Filiariasis is endemic in Sorsogon.
  • Tuberculosis is endemic practically in all specific areas.
22
Q

In viewing the susceptibility of the community as host, the nurse determines the characteristics of the community and its population in terms of the following:

A
  • Herd immunity
  • Exposure or contact rate
  • Chance
23
Q

Pattern of Occurrence and Distribution:

A
  1. Sporadic
  2. Endemic
  3. Epidemic
  4. Pandemic
23
Q

Pattern of Occurrence and Distribution:

The cases are few and scattered, so that there is no apparent relationship between them and they occur on and off, intermittently, through a period of time.

A

Sporadic

Eg.: Rabies

24
Q

Pattern of Occurrence and Distribution:

is a situation when there is a marked upward fluctuation in disease incidence.

A

Epidemic

  • Bird’s Flu-there has been no cases of bird’s flu in any area of the country, so that the occurrence of few cases in a given area in a given time would constitute a bird’s flu epidemic.
24
Q

Pattern of Occurrence and Distribution:

The disease is therefore always occurring in the locality and the level of occurrence is more or less constant through a period of time.

A

Endemic

  • Schistosomiasis is endemic in leyte and Samar.
  • Filiariasis is endemic in Sorsogon.
  • Tuberculosis is endemic practically in all specific areas.
24
Q

Pattern of Occurrence and Distribution:

is the simultaneous occurrence of epidemic of the same disease in several countries. It is another pattern of occurrence from an international perspective.

A

Pandemic

Eg.: Covid-19

25
Q

refers to opportunities for progressive transfer of an agent to a new host

A

Exposure or contact rate

26
Q

possibility of contact between the source of infection and susceptible individual

A

Chance

26
Q

What are employed in investigating patterns of disease and cause in individuals.

A

Case-control and cohort studies/follow-up/incidence studies

26
Q
  • Attempts to analyze the causes or determinants of disease through hypothesis testing.
  • It consists of hypothesis-testing of causal
A

Analytical Epidemiology

26
Q

What are utilized in analyzing patterns of disease and cause in population.

A

Correlation or ecologic studies

26
Q

Aims to test effectiveness or reasonableness of intervention programs designed to prevent and control diseases utilizing randomized controlled or clinical trials, field or community trials.

A

Interventional or experimental Epidemiology

27
Q
  • Attempts to measure the effectiveness of different health services and intervention programs.
A

Evaluation Epidemiology

CHN 02 (6 decks)

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