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psychology 100 chapter 9 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

archival research

A

Research that involves making observations from records of data that were previously collected by others

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2
Q

between subjects design

A

A research design that involves comparing groups of participants in which participants are exposed to only one treatment condition or represent only one level of the independent variable

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3
Q

case study

A

A detailed description of specific and unique characteristics of a single participant (or a small number of participants)

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4
Q

central tendency

A

A statistical measure of one score that is intended to best represent an entire set of scores representing the measurement of one variable for a group of participants (e.g., the mean, median, or mode)

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5
Q

confidentiality

A

Maintaining the privacy of research participants by not sharing their personal information with anyone other than the researchers

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6
Q

confounding variable

A

Any variable, other than the independent variable, that influences the measurement of the dependent variable and therefore provides an alternative explanation for the association between the independent variable and dependent variable

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7
Q

control group

A

Participants who do not receive the experimental treatment or who are not exposed to the (level of the) independent variable of interest in a study

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8
Q

convenience sample

A

A group of participants that is selected for a study because the individuals are easy to identify and likely to agree to participate

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9
Q

correlational research

A

Research that involves measuring two variables at a time and evaluating the extent to which they are associated with each other

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10
Q

cross sectional

A

A developmental research design that involves measuring participants of different ages at approximately the same time, or any research design that involves measuring the variables at the same point in time

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11
Q

debriefing

A

The process by which researchers provide further information to participants at the end of a study, often including the expected results, an explanation of any deception, answers to participants’ questions, and sources of further information

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12
Q

deception

A

Providing incomplete or incorrect information to participants about the research topic or specific procedures that will be involved in a
study

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13
Q

demand characteristic

A

An aspect of a research procedure (or environment) that unintentionally influences participants’ beliefs about what the researchers expect to find, and that may influence participants’ responses or behaviour

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14
Q

dependent variable

A

A variable that is measured to evaluate the effects of manipulating another variable and determine whether the two variables change together

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15
Q

descriptive research

A

A type of research that involves only measuring variables, without manipulating them and without using statistical procedures to formally compare or evaluate associations among them

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16
Q

descriptive statistics

A

Mathematical techniques used to organize and summarize information, such as means and percentages

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17
Q

double blind procedure

A

A procedure in which neither the participant nor the researcher who takes the measurements knows which experimental condition (or level of the independent variable) the participant is exposed to

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18
Q

empirical method

A

A process of obtaining knowledge through personal experiences making direct sensory observations

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19
Q

empiricism

A

A theory that all knowledge is obtained by making direct sensory observations

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20
Q

experiment

A

Carefully designed and controlled research conducted to establish whether intentional changes in one (independent) variable cause changes in another (dependent) variable

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21
Q

experimental group

A

The research participants who are exposed to the treatment (one level of the independent variable) being evaluated in a study

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22
Q

external validity

A

The extent to which the results of a study can be applied in the real-world or to people, measurements, times, or environments that were not part of the study; also known as generalizability

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23
Q

generalizability

A

The extent to which the results of a study can be applied in the real-world or to people, measurements, times, or environments that were not part of the study; also known as external validity

24
Q

hypothesis

A

A testable prediction about the expected results of a study that is based on existing knowledge, theory, personal experience, and/or previous research results

25
independent variable
A variable that is intentionally changed to evaluate the effect of the change on another variable and determine whether the two variables change together
26
inferential statistics
Mathematical techniques used to evaluate whether the results observed in a study are consistent with the researchers' expectations or can be applied to the population
27
informed consent
A process by which potential research participants are given all relevant information about a study (e.g., purpose, tasks, risks) and agree to participate based on that information
28
longitudinal
A type of research that involves repeated measurements of variables for a particular group of participants over a period of time
29
mean
The average of a set of scores on one variable for a group of participants; a measure of central tendency calculated by adding up all the scores for all participants in the group and then dividing the total by the number of participants
30
median
The middle value of a set of scores on one variable for a group of participants, a measure of central tendency; exactly half of the other scores are lower and half of the other scores are higher than this score
31
meta analysis
A mathematical technique for combining the numerical results of two or more previously-conducted studies that answer the same research question to provide a composite numerical estimate that best represents the results across studies
32
mode
A measure of central tendency that represents the score that the most participants in the group got; the score with the highest frequency
33
naturalistic observation
A way of measuring variables that involves directly watching participants engage in their normal behaviours in their real lives
34
non experimental design
Any type of research that does not involve the level of control/manipulation of variables required for a true experiment; often refers to research designs that involve comparisons of groups of participants that represent different levels of the independent variable, and the assignment to groups is based on pre-existing participant characteristics not random assignment
35
operational definition
A statement that describes how a psychological concept or construct that cannot be observed directly will be measured in a particular study
36
participant reactivity
A deviation from a participant's natural behaviour as a result of their knowledge of their participation in a study or simply being observed or measured; also known at research participant bias or the Hawthorne effect
37
peer review
A process by which experts review a research report to evaluate whether it is of sufficient quality to publish (e.g., in an academic journal) or present at an academic conference
38
placebo
A substance that research participants consume that does not contain the active ingredient under investigation
39
placebo effect
A spontaneous response to an inactive substance or sham treatment for which there is no identified cause
40
population
All the people of interest to the researcher to whom the results of a specific study are intended to apply; usually a sub-group of the entire human population based on characteristics such as age or geographic location
41
qualitative research
Research that involves making observations or measurements of variables that are summarized, interpreted, and reported primarily through the use of words and ideas, with less of a focus on numbers and statistical analysis
42
quantitative research
Research that involves making observations or measurements that are summarized, interpreted, and reported primarily using numbers, statistics, and other mathematical techniques
43
quasi experimental design
Research that involves evaluating the effects of an independent variable on a dependent variable in which the levels of the independent variable are based on pre-existing characteristics and not randomly assigned among participants, and does not have the extent of control/manipulation required of a true experiment
44
random assignment
A procedure by which participants are assigned to different study conditions (levels of the independent variable) using a random method so that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any study condition
45
random sample
A group of participants that was selected from the population using a random method so that each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study
46
range
The amount of difference between the highest and lowest score in a set of scores for one variable for a group of participants, a measure of variability
47
reliability
The degree of consistency or repeatability of a specific procedure used to measure a variable for a group of participants across different measures, times, or observers
48
representativeness
The extent to which the characteristics of the participants in a particular study are consistent with the characteristics of the study population that the participants are intended to represent
49
research ethics board
A group of people at an organization (e.g., university, hospital) who review research proposals to evaluate whether they are consistent with relevant research ethics standards and policies
50
sample
A group of participants selected from a larger, defined group who are observed or measured as part of their participation in a specific study
51
standard deviation
A mathematical measure of the average distance of all the scores on one variable from the average score on that variable for that group of people, a measure of variability
52
theory
A description of the nature of variables and mechanisms underlying the relationships among variables that is ideally based on consensus among multiple experts and convergent evidence from multiple observations and studies
53
third variable problem
In correlational or non-experimental research involving the evaluation of an association between two variables (X and Y), the inability to say for sure whether changes in variable Y are caused by changes in variable X or by changes in another (third) variable Z
54
validity
Refers to the quality of a whole study in terms of the ability to answer a specific research question, or to the quality of a specific measurement procedure in terms of the ability to measure what it was intended to measure
55
variable
A characteristic that is observed, manipulated, or measured during the research process that can change or that can have different values for different individuals
56
within subjects design
A research design that involves comparing scores on the dependent variable for one group of participants who are exposed to more than one treatment condition or level of the independent variable

psychology 100 chapter 9 (6 decks)

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