Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Undeleted > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Anatomy and Evolution of the Nervous System

1
Q

The Meninges

A 
3 layers in the CNS:
–Dura mater
    •Hard mother, outermost layer
–Arachnoid membrane
–Pia mater
     •Pious mother
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ventricles

A

Four ventricles:
•2 lateral ventricles
•3rd ventricle
•4th ventricle

Filled with cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

CSF moves through self-contained and separate circulation system from blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Production of CSF

A
  • Made by choroid plexus (in ventricles)

* Similar composition to clear plasma of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cerebral Blood Supply

A

Brain ~2% of body mass but uses ~16% of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The 2 Divisions of the Nervous System

A

Central (CNS): brain and spinal cord

Peripheral (PNS): nerves connecting CNS to muscles, organs, and skin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Efferent Nerves

A

(Motor) – goes out from CNS to muscles and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Afferent Nerves

A

(Sensory) – goes toward CNS from sensory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A 
Somatic:
–Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
–Somatosensory and skeletal motor
Autonomic:
–Glands and organs
–Sympathetic
–Parasympathetic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Somatic Nervous System: Cranial Nerves

A

–12 pairs
–Exit/enter directly from brain
–Sensory nerves, Motor nerves, and Mixed nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name the 12 Cranial Nerves

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Auditory
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Spinal accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Spinal nerves

A

–31 left/right pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Spinal cord has two parallel pathways

A

Spinal cord has 2 parallel pathways
–Sensory Nerves: Dorsal Root
–Motor Nerves: Ventral Root

Covered by only two layers of Meninges
Outside spinal cord nerves swell to form spinal ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ventral Root

A

Motor Nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Dorsal Root

A

Sensory Nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Outside the spinal cord nerves swell to form ______.

A

spinal ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bundle of Axons in the Central Nervous System

A

a Tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Bundle of Axons in the Peripheral Nervous System

A

a Nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Group of Cell Bodies in the Central Nervous System

A

a Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Group of Cell Bodies in the Peripheral Nervous System

A

a Ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Spinal cord damage

A

Quadriplegic: thoracic and above
Paraplegic: lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A 
Two divisions
–Sympathetic
–Parasympathetic
Involved in regulating four critical bodily states related to survival— i.e., the 4 Fs:
–Fighting
–Fleeing
–Feeding
–…..Reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A 
Rest and digest
•Calms body to conserve and maintain energy
•Release acetylcholine
•Lowers heart rate and blood pressure
•Stimulates digestion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A 
Fight or flight
•Release adrenaline and norepinephrine
•Raises heart rate and blood pressure
•Raises blood flow to skeletal muscles
•Inhibits digestion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What Develops from the Hindbrain?

A
  • The Metencephalon: Pons and Cerebellum

* The Myencaphalon (Medulla)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What Develops from the Metencephalon?
the Pons and the Cerebellum
26
Medulla
–Major relay between the spinal cord and brain –Cranial nerves –Vital functions: breathing, heart rate, blood pressure Reticular Formation: Arousal Cranial Nerve Nuclei: Various functions
27
Pons
(the bridge) –Sleep, arousal, audition, balance ``` Vestibular Nucleus: Balance and Position Cochlear Nucleus: Sound Raphe Nucleus: Sleep and Arousal Locus Coeruleus: Sleep and Arousal Reticular Formation: Arousal Cranial Nerve Nuclei: Various functions ```
28
Cerebellum
Motor coordination, balance, cognition
29
Myelencephalon
Medulla (Hindbrain)
30
Mesencephalon
Midbrain
31
What Develops from the Diencephalon?
The Thalamus and the Hypothalamus
32
The Forebrain Consists of What 2 Major Divisions?
the Diencephalon and the Telencephalon
33
Tectum
dorsal half of the midbrain
34
Tegmentum
ventral half
35
Cerebral Aqueduct
links the third and fourth ventricles
36
What separates the Tectum and the Tegmentum of the midterm?
cerebral aqueduct
37
Superior Colliculi
Guide eye movements and fixation of gaze | Part of the Tectum
38
Inferior Colliculi
Locate direction of sounds | Part of the Tectum
39
Reticular Formation
Involved in Arousal | Found in the Midbrain, the Pons, the Medulla
40
Vestibular Nucleus
Involved in Balance and Position
41
Periaqueductal Gray
Pain | Located in the Midbrain
42
Substantia Nigra
Motor function | Located in the Midbrain
43
Red Nucleus
Motor function | Located in the Midbrain
44
Diminished Substantia Nigra is seen in what disease?
Parkinson's disease
45
Midbrain
Also known as the Mesencephalon. Red Nucleus: Motor Function Substantia Nigra: Motor Function Periaqueductal Gray: Pain Reticular Formation: Arousal Cranial Nerve Nuclei: Various functions Inferior Colliculi: Locate direction of sounds Superior Colliculi: Guide eye movements and fixation of gaze
46
What Develops from the Telencaphalon?
Isocortex, Basal Ganglia, Limbic System
47
Thalamus
–Sensory relay | –Arousal, consciousness
48
Hypothalamus
−Regulatory center –Controls pituitary gland –ANS control
49
Limbic System
Collection of forebrain structures that participate in emotional behavior and learning Composed of the Amygdala, the Hippocampus, the Anterior Cingulate Cortex, etc.
50
Basal Ganglia
* Control of movement * Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease * ADHD, OCD
51
Neocortex composes what percentage of the human cerebral cortex?
90%
52
Features of the Cortex
* Gyrus (Hills) * Sulcus (Valleys) * Fissure * Hemispheres
53
Encephalization Quotient
Ratio of brain size to body size | Humans have the largest EQ, at 7.44
54
Contralateral Connections
the Corpus Callosum and Anterior Commissure link the 2 hemispheres of the brain
55
Frontal Lobe
* Forward-most part of cerebral cortex * Contains primary motor cortex, prefontal cortex, Broca’s area * Roles in motor function, language, memory, many “advanced” functions
56
Central Sulcus:
frontal lobe region that separates precentral gyrus from postcentral gyrus
57
Frontal Lobe: Precentral Gyrus
the Precentral Gyrus is the frontal lobe region that contains Primary Motor cortex and controls Voluntary Body Movement
58
Frontal Lobe: Prefrontal Cortex
•Functions include: planning and organization, attention, decision making, impulse control •Phineas Gage •Implicated in a number of psychopathologies: –Schizophrenia –ADHD –Sociopaths
59
Parietal Lobe
* Primary somatosensory cortex, association cortex | * Specialized for skin senses and senses that inform us about body position and movement, spatial perception
60
Association Cortex
areas capable of integrating sensory input with motor output
61
Postcentral Gyrus
Parietal lobe region that contains primary somatosensory cortex
62
Temporal Lobe
•Primary auditory cortex, visual and auditory association areas, additional language areas, Limbic system
63
Medial Temporal Lobe
Location of many Limbic system structures, including amygdala and hippocampus
64
Occipital Lobe
•Primary visual cortex: where visual information is processed
65
Pia Mater
The thin innermost layer of the 3 meninges covering the CNS

Undeleted (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions