chapter 2 Flashcards
The nutrients requirements of humans are basically the same throughout the life span. What differs, depending on age, are the amount of nutrients required of food consumption (dietary patterns) recommended; these differences are caused by _ and _ needs.
physiologic and psychosocial
can eat only small amounts at one time. They depend on planned snacks to provide their full assortment of nutrients.
toddlers
can eat a large quantities but also need time throughout the day to eat
adults
still have high nutrient needs to require less energy and therefore need more nutrient-dense foods
older adults
The accelerated growth of infancy slows down by about age _, marking transition to childhood
1
This growth deceleration during childhood results in varying hunger levels that reflect physiologic need. Awareness of these fluctuations by parents and caregivers allow children to stay in tune with their internal hunger
cues.
childhood (1-12 years)
A registered dietitian and therapist, describes the feeding relationship as the interaction or patterns of behaviors that surround food preparation and consumption within a family.
helen satter
Her advice to parents and caregivers is about “the division of responsibility. You are responsible for what your child is offered to eat, but he is responsible for how much of it he eats and even whether he eats”
helen satter
_ boost daily nutrient intake; for children whose energy and general dietary intake is adequate, snacks sometimes include sweets such as cookies and even an occasional candy bar.
Snacks
The influence of _ commercials has been studied extensively and is most often condemned as negatively influencing children’s food choices.
TV
Usually referred to as “_,” the age span of 1 to 3 years old is a busy time for young children.
toddlerhood
Usually referred to as “toddlerhood,” the age span of - years old is a busy time for young children.
1 to 3
The eating relationship between parent (or caregiver) and child is forming, and adult reaction to autonomy sets the stage for future encounters.
stage 1: children 1-3 years old
Equally important is fostering self-reliance by allowing young children to feed themselves in a manner most appropriate for their psychomotor abilities.
stage 1: children 1-3 years old
Growth, basal metabolic rate (BMR), and endless activity require an energy supply of _ for ages 1 to 3
1300 kcal/day
Protein needs increase to _ to meet the demands of growing muscles for ages 1-3
16 grams
For ages 1 through 6, a general guideline is _ fruit or vegetable serving _ or vegetable per year of age.
one = ; equals one level measuring tablespoon of fruit
The stage of - years old is characterized in independent eating styles, although modeling of adults still occurs
4 to 6 (stage 2)
Children of this age clearly understand the time frame of meals and can save their appetite for meals.
stage 2 (4-6 years old)
Far from the messy eating styles of toddlers, these children accept foods more easily if presented separately, not mixed in a casserole style.
stage 2 (4-6 years old)
At this stage children can develop a sense of responsibility for healthful food selections.
stage 2
They can understand that although all foods are okay, some foods such as fruits, vegetables, and low-fat foods can be eaten more often than others.
stage 2 (4-6 years old)
These same children also increased their overall intake of fruits and vegetables, and very-low-fat desserts. Their total calorie and nutrient intake remained appropriate.
stage 2 (4-6 years old)
Energy requirements jump to _ at 4 to 6 years of age, reflecting continued growth and activity levels
1800 kcal/day
Protein needs increase to _ for 4-6 year olds
24 grams
The years from - are tumultuous. Although actual growth may slow down, the body is preparing and seemingly storing up for the puberty growth spurt.
7 to 12 (stage 3)
Puberty may begin for girls around age _ and on; boys may reach puberty in the early teen years.
9
This pre-puberty time may be reflected by _ _; an increase in chubbiness is not alarming if moderate eating and physical activities are maintained.
weight buildup
Energy needs for 7 to 12 years old increase to -
2000 to 2200 kcal/day
For 7-12 year olds, protein requirements rise to between
- depending on
sexual maturity
28 grams to 46 grams
Sexual maturity leadsto an increase of _ _ _, particularly for boys. _ _ _ requires more dietary protein for growth and maintenance
lean body mass
Minerals needs increase as well. Because of increased bone growth and mineralization, calcium Adequate Intake (AI) recommendations jump from _ at age 8 to _ throughout adolescence
800mg/day - 1300mg/day
The growth cycle of this age span is important. Attention to issues related to weight, appropriate appetite, and meal patterning are crucial for the development of positive eating relationships and may prevent to development of eating disorders in the future
childhood health promotion (1-12 years)
Use the _ _ _ to visualize the variety and number of servings of foods that constitute a balanced nutrient intake works for both parents and children.
food guide pyramid
The _ _ to consume at least five fruits and vegetables is also ideal for use by children. For young children, however, the five servings would be smaller sizes.
5-day approach
Community support for children are currently divided into two categories
- School-Food Service The National School Lunch Program
- Classroom Nutrition Education
Formalized in 1946, the program provides lunches at varying costs, depending on family income, to all school children at public and nonprofit private schools and residential childcare institutions.
School-Food Service: The National School Lunch Program (NSLP)
Health has been taught for many years in most schools system
Classroom Nutrition Education
The _ years are marked by change. Not only does puberty initiate growth acceleration, but emotional and social development struggles also to occur as academic and personal responsibilities escalate.
adolescence (13-19 years)
Females (adolescence: 13-19)’– needs _ and _
of protein daily.
2200 kcalories; 45 grams
Males (adolescence: 13-19) – _ and _ of protein daily.
2500 to 2900 kcalories; 45 to 59 grams
_ is possible at any point along the life span, but toddlers and older adults tend to be more at risk.
food asphyxiation
Asphyxiation from food is possible at any point along the life span, but _ and _ tend to be more at risk.
toddlers and older adults
A _ _ can be invisible health hazard. Found in old paint dust or chips, enameled porcelain fixtures (bathtubs),
and soil or air from industrial and transportation pollution, excessive amounts of lead can be absorbed into the body.
lead poisoning
_ are most at risk for lead poisoning; they naturally absorb greater amounts of minerals than adults.
Children
Excessive exposure to lead can permanently affect cognitive and perceptual abilities. These reduced functions affect learning ability.
lead poisoning
barriers in nutrition
- food asphyxiation
- lead poisoning
- obesity
- iron deficiency anemia
- food allergy
- food intolerance
- eating disorders
- binge eating syndrome
_ support the goals of health promotion of obese children by being sensitive to the emotional, social, and physical dimensions associated with weight and body composition.
Nurses
For children, _ is a significant risk factor for iron deficiency anemia.
poverty
Economically deprived children of inner cities are most at risk because of the dual risk of lead poisoning, which reduces the amount of _ absorbed by the body, and chronic hunger that limits the intake of adequate nutrients.
iron; iron deficiency anemia
role of nurses in obesity
create an affirming medical environment
role of nurses in iron deficiency anemia
educate teaching staff about the relationship between iron deficiency and learning ability.
A _ _ is the overreaction of the immune system to a food protein or other large molecule that has been absorbed and interacts with the immune system that produces a response
food allergy
The most common food allergies experienced by children are _, _, _, and _
peanuts, milk, eggs, and wheat
_ and _ are more common food allergies among older children and adults
Seafood and peanuts
food allergy symptoms may include _, _, and _
skin, respiratory, and gastrointestinal reactions
Reactions for a small number of individuals may be so severe as to be life threatening. This type of reaction is called _ and may occur immediately after eating the food substance.
anaphylaxis
_, _, _, and _, may cause anaphylaxis in sensitive individuals.
Peanuts, eggs, shellfish, and nuts
anaphylaxis symptoms may include
hives, breathing difficulties, and unconsciousness
In contrast to a food allergy, _ _ is an adverse reaction to a food that does not involve the immune system
food intolerance
_ properties of foods or _ responses may cause reaction
Pharmacologic; idiosyncratic
is the lack of enzyme _ limits the digestion of lactose, leading to physical symptoms of bloating, flatulence, diarrhea, and nausea.
lactase; lactose intolerance
Are a group of behaviors fueled by unresolved emotional conflicts, symptomized by altered food consumption
eating disorders
types of ED
- anorexia nervosa
- bulimia nervosa
- binge eating disorder
_ _ _ can be described as a lifestyle inhibited or controlled by a constant concern about food intake, body shape, or weight that affects an individual’s physical and mental health status.
Chronic dieting syndrome
Individuals with this disorder frequently engage in binge eating behavior not accompanied by purging or compensatory behaviors
binge eating syndrome
pharmacologic properties of food that affects food intolerance
- thyramine in aged cheese
- theobromine in chocolate
You are responsible for what your child is offered to eat, but he is responsible for how much of it he eats and even whether he eats
the division of responsibility
Excessive exposure to lead can permanently affect _ and _ abilities. These reduced functions affect learning ability.
cognitive ; perceptual
the lack of enzyme lactase limits the digestion of lactose, leading to physical symptoms of _, _, _, & _
bloating, flatulence, diarrhea, and nausea.
_ tend to increase the absorption of lead
zinc
Marginal intakes of _ have been noted among school children who are finicky eaters; low _ intakes can affect growth rates.
zinc
if a person is affected by a ragweed allergy, reaction to _ and _ may occur.
melons ; bananas
if a person is affected by a _ allergy, reaction to melons and bananas may occur
ragweed
the period marked by the initiation of growth acceleration due to puberty.
adolescence
