chapter 1 Flashcards
types of HOSPITAL DIET
- Clear Liquid diet
- Full or general liquid diet
- Mechanically altered diet
- Soft diet
- Regular or general diet
- Diet as tolerated
A diet of clear liquids maintains vital body fluids,
salts, and minerals; and also gives some energy
for patients when normal food intake must be
interrupted.
clear liquid diet
_ are easily absorbed by the body.
Clear liquids
They reduce stimulation of the digestive
system, and leave no residue in the intestinal
tract.
clear liquid diet
_ is often prescribed in preparation for surgery, and is generally the first diet given by mouth after
surgery. _ are given when a person has been without food by mouth (NPO) for a long time.
Clear liquid diet
Clear liquid diet is also used in preparation for
medical tests such as _, _, _
sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, or certain x-rays.
FOODS ALLOWED in clear liquid diet
- Plain water
- Sodas
- Gelatin
- tea or coffee with no cream
- fruit juices without pulp
A clear soup made of strained meat or vegetable stock, served hot or as a cold jelly.
broth
The _ is often used as a step between a clear liquid diet and a regular diet, for example, after surgery or fasting.
full liquid diet
It may also be used after certain procedures, such as jaw
wiring. This diet may also be appropriate for patients who have swallowing and chewing problems.
full liquid diet
FOODS ALLOWED in full liquid diet
- All beverages
- Strained fruit juice
- Broth
- All spices
- Ice cream
is appropriate for patients who are recovering from the head, neck, or mouth surgery, who have dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), narrowing of the esophagus (food tube), or who are too ill or weak to chew. The diet also benefits those who have poorly fitting dentures, no teeth, or other dental problems.
mechanically soft diet
difficulty swallowing
dysphagia
When a patient has problems/difficulty in chewing and
swallowing, foods can be _, _, _, & _
chopped, ground, mashed, and pureed
The _ serves as a transition from liquids to a regular diet for individuals who are recovering from surgery or a long illness.
soft diet
It can help to ease difficulty in chewing and/or swallowing due to dental problems or extreme weakness, and it is
sometimes recommended to relieve mild intestinal or stomach discomfort.
soft diet
The soft diet can be especially helpful to patients
who are undergoing treatments like _ or _ to the head, neck or abdominal areas, which may cause digestive problems or make the mouth and throat very sore
chemotherapy, or radiation
Used for patients who do not need dietary restrictions or modification
general diet
Helps to alleviate prolonged use of clear and full liquid diets
general diet
this diet order provides an excellent opportunity for collaboration by the nurse, dietitian, and patient to plan and provide food that is eaten, tolerated and nourishing
general diet
Allows for postoperative diet progression based on patients tolerance
diet as tolerated
other diets that can be implemented
- high fiber diet
- gluten free diet
promotes the wavelike contractions that keeps food moving through the intestine.
fiber
Also, _ expand the inside walls of the colon. This eases the passage of waste. _ substances pass through the intestine undigested. They also absorb many times their weight in water, resulting in softer, bulkier stools.
high-fiber foods
_ is the protein part of wheat, rye, barley, and other related grains.
Gluten
Gluten is the protein part of _, _, _, and other related grains.
wheat, rye, barley
Some people cannot tolerate gluten when it comes in contact with the small intestine. This condition is known as _
celiac disease
celiac disease is also called as
non-tropical sprue or gluten sensitive enteropathy
There is also evidence that a skin disorder called _ is associated with gluten intolerance.
dermatitis
herpetiformis
diseases that can’t tolerate gluten
- celiac disease
- dermatitis herpetiformis
_ is a substance that is found in foods and is produced naturally by the body.
Purine
Purines are broken down by the body and changed to _
uric acid
The _ normally filter the uric acid and the
uric acid leaves the body through the urine. However, people with _ sometimes have a build-up of uric acid in
the blood.
kidneys; gout
how does uric build up happen?
- the body makes too much
- the body does not get rid of enough uric acid through the urine.
High levels of uric acid can cause _ to form in the joints. The buildup of these _ causes swelling, which is called a gout attack or gout pain.
urate crystals
high purine foods
- anchovies
- beef kidneys
- brains
- game meats
- gravies
low purine foods
- breads and cereals
- coffee
- fruits and juices
- gelatin
- tea
medium-purine foods
- asparagus
- beans
- broth
- cauliflower
- fish
other terms for alkaline diet
- alkaline acid diet
- acid alkaline diet
An _ is a diet that emphasizes, to a varying degree,fresh fruit, vegetables, roots and tubers, nuts, and legumes.
alkaline diet
_, more commonly known as acid reflux.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Those who suffer from the disease can attest to the sometimes crippling discomfort it causes. Although
medications and surgical options are available, increasingly, medical professionals are touting the benefits of consuming a more _ in order to control _.
acid reflux; alkaline diet
types of formula in enteral feeding
- polymeric formula
- special formula
special formulas in enteral feeding
- Elemental formulas
- Modular formulas
- Specialty formulas
Enteral nutrition (EN) Long-term nutrition can be used in
- Gastrostomy
- Jejunostomy
Short-term nutrition is used for
- Nasogastric feeding
- Nasoduodenal feeding
- Nasojejunal feeding
Parenteral nutrition (PN) is used in
- Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition (PPN)
- Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)
The _, the latest innovation in enteral feeding pump technology. When patients require nutrition
through continuous feeding, intermittent feeding or feeding and flushing, & delivers in one compact, easy-to-use device.
KANGAROO ePUMP
Used in any setting where safety alarms and nursing features are desired provides accurate volumetric delivery with easy to use touch panel controls includes
- Overinfusion safeguard
- Both audio and visual alarms for safety
Involves delivering the total quantity of formulas needed for a 24 hour period in 3 to 6 equal feedings.
intermittent infusion
Intermitted infusion involves delivering the total quantity of formulas needed for a _ hour period in _ to _
equal feedings.
24; 3-6
Each feeding in intermittent infusion is usually delivered by gravity during a - period.
30 to 90 minute
This method represents a more normal feeding pattern, but patients often doxnot tolerate this method of feeding if the rate is too rapid. Although equipment needs are
minimal, this method is time consuming because feeding must be closely monitored to ensure proper delivery rate.
Intermittent Infusion
Involve infusing volumes of formula by gravity or syringe over a short period of time.
bolus feeding
This method requires minimal equipment and time but is associated with increased potential for aspiration, regurgitation, and GI side effects. This method should not be used for _.
bolus feeding; intestinal feedings
Possible Tube Complications in GI
- diarrhea
- nausea, and vomiting
- cramping
- distention
- constipation
3 ways according to the type of problem of possible tube complications
GI, mechanical, metabolic
Possible Tube Complications in mechanical
- tube obstruction
- pulmonary aspiration
- mucosal damage
Possible Tube Complications in metabolic
- hyperosmolar dehydration or overhydration
- abnormal blood concentration levels of sodium, potassium, phosphorous, and magnesium
- hyperglycemia
- respiratory insufficiency
- rapid weight gain.
Indications include difficulties with oral inake often where obstruction to the upper airway or gastrointestinal tract
makes passing a nasogastric tube difficult.
Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy(PEG) tube
PEG tubes are used in.
- head and neck cancers
- esophageal cancer
- acute stroke
- multiple sclerosis
- parkinson’s diseas
- brain tumors
- HIV encephalopathy
_ has become the most acceptable and safest method for long term feeding support. It is useful particularly when surgery is extensive and when combined with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or both.
Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) tube
complications of PEG
- pneumothorax
- septic complications (local or systemic)
- hyperglycemia
_ are the most common in PEG because metabolic requirements (electrolytes and energy) differ from patient to patient.
Metabolic complications
The most common metabolic complications is _
hyperglycemia
hyperglycemia can be treated by adding _ to the solution, reducing the dextrose load, or ensuring that the total kcaloric load is not excessive.
insulin
