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Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychology?

A

The study of the human mind and behavior.

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2
Q

What does organizational psychology study?

A

Human behavior in organizational contexts.

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3
Q

What are the two main themes that drive theory and research in psychology?

A

Nature vs Nurture.

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4
Q

What does the Nature perspective argue?

A

We are genetically coded to be a certain way.

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5
Q

What does the Nurture perspective suggest?

A

Our personality is socially constructed as we learn to manage ourselves.

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6
Q

What is the view of the text regarding Nature vs Nurture?

A

We are born with some aspects of our personality, but much is learned over time.

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7
Q

What does the selfish gene perspective indicate?

A

Humans are programmed for competition to perpetuate our genes.

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8
Q

What is emphasized by the perspective that humans are social animals?

A

Fitness and survival depend on cooperation more than competition.

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9
Q

Who is considered the father of capitalism?

A

Adam Smith.

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10
Q

What does Smith argue about human behavior?

A

It is based on self-interest, best served by free markets.

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11
Q

What is perception in the context of management?

A

The process of receiving information and managing what we perceive.

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12
Q

What is filtering in the perceptual process?

A

The intentional process of selectively gathering and processing information.

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13
Q

What are schemas?

A

Cognitive constructs that organize thoughts, feelings, and attention.

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14
Q

What types of schemas are mentioned?

A
  • Person schemas
  • Self-schemas
  • Script schemas
  • Social schemas
  • Role schemas
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15
Q

What is schema therapy used for?

A

To treat depression and anxiety by replacing destructive schemas.

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16
Q

What is stereotyping?

A

The process of grouping objects into simplistic categories based on generalized perceptions.

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17
Q

What are self-fulfilling prophecies?

A

Beliefs or expectations that cause actions leading to their own fulfillment.

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18
Q

What is the halo effect?

A

Judgment bias where one positive trait influences overall perception.

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19
Q

What is the devil effect?

A

Negative interpretations of a person based on one negative trait.

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20
Q

What does attribution theory explain?

A

How we explain our own and others’ behaviors based on internal and external factors.

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21
Q

What is internal attribution?

A

Attributing behavior to internal or dispositional factors.

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22
Q

What is external attribution?

A

Attributing behavior to external or situational factors.

23
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

Anxiety experienced from holding inconsistent beliefs or attitudes.

24
Q

Who developed cognitive dissonance theory?

A

Leon Festinger.

25
What is ego depletion?
Reduction in self-control leading to increased likelihood of cognitive errors.
26
What are values in the context of people management?
Consistent beliefs or sets of schemas about something with emotional investment.
27
How does Schwartz define values?
Desirable goals serving as guiding principles in people's lives.
28
What are trans-situational values?
Values that do not easily change regardless of the situation.
29
What is the challenge for managers regarding values?
Aligning values within organizations and deciding if they can change people's values.
30
What are the ten universal values identified by Schwartz?
Values that overlap and influence behavior or responses to life events. ## Footnote Schwartz's values are believed to be common across cultures, genders, and religions.
31
What is a core challenge for managers regarding values?
Aligning values within organizations and whether to change people's values. ## Footnote Evidence suggests values can be changed through specific interventions.
32
What did Arieli's research find about changing values?
Values can be changed through paired autonomic and effortful interventions, leading to the adoption of benevolence values. ## Footnote These values can be maintained over a four-week period.
33
Define personality.
Stable patterns of behavior and internal states of mind that explain a person's behavioral tendencies.
34
What does the trait approach to personality focus on?
Identifying, operationalizing, and measuring traits that characterize a person's thoughts and actions. ## Footnote Traits are influenced by biological, psychological, environmental, and societal factors.
35
Who sought to identify all personality traits and how many words did they find?
Allport and Odbert identified 18,000 words to describe traits.
36
What is factor analysis?
A statistical method used to describe variability among variables by identifying underlying factors.
37
What are the Big Five personality factors?
A well-known trait theory approach to personality measurement. ## Footnote Developed by McCrae and Costa.
38
What does the socio-cognitive approach explain?
How learning, social behavior, and cognition shape personality.
39
What is reciprocal determinism?
The idea that personality is a product of behavior, thoughts, and feelings interacting with the environment, proposed by Bandura.
40
Define locus of control.
The degree to which individuals believe they can control events affecting them.
41
What characterizes a person with an internal locus of control?
High achievement, independence, better coping strategies, and better psychological health.
42
List traits of a person with an external locus of control.
* Cope better in structured environments * Prefer autocratic leadership * Suffer more from stress and anxiety * More influenced by external forces.
43
What is the humanist approach focused on?
Personal growth and the realization of human potential as a whole being.
44
Who are the most famous humanist psychologists?
* Rogers * Maslow * Bandura
45
What is self-actualization according to Maslow?
The desire to realize one's full potential.
46
What are the three basic conditions for growth according to Rogers?
* Genuineness * Acceptance * Empathy
47
List common elements of self-actualizing individuals.
* Peak experiences * Acceptance of self and others * Realism * High sociability and accountability * High agency * Emphasis on the journey
48
What actions does a humanist manager take?
Fosters self-actualization and designs work structures that promote autonomy and creativity.
49
What does a socio-cognitivist-oriented manager consider?
The influence of locus of control on performance and the need for tailored management approaches.
50
What does a trait-oriented manager focus on?
The necessary traits for managing people and tasks effectively.
51
What is positive psychology?
The study of positive phenomena, happiness, and well-being rather than just focusing on the deviant or abnormal.
52
What is affective forecasting?
The process of making decisions based on predictions about future emotions.
53
What is impact bias?
The overestimation of the intensity and duration of feelings experienced after achieving a future event.
54
What is focalism?
The tendency to focus on the first piece of information when making future predictions, leading to biased perceptions.

OT (9 decks)

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